Final Cumulative

To store information, info to make and maintain a new organism

Building block of DNA/RNA, and made up of either ATCG. And it is linked to a sugar, which is linked to a phosphate group

Cytosine, methylation had the effect of inactivating a gen.

One in every 10^9 bases replicated. It is so low because the mechanisms of DNA fix errors in the base pairing of the new DNA strand.

Determined by the non coding regions that surround the coding sequence in the gene.

Most amino acids can be specified by more than one codon; we can deduce the protein sequence from DNA, but we cannot unambiguously deduce a nucleic acid sequence from a protein sequence.

Methionine, the first amino acid of most proteins.

Transfer if data from DNA and use thus information to manufacture proteins.

The trna, it binds to the ribosome.

False

True

Promoters are control regions in dna at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Transcription start site

Because the sequence outside of the conserved motif varies alot, and motifs also vary from gene to gene.

Yes

No

They are proteins that enhance the binding g of RNA polymerase leading to increase gene expression.

They inhibit the expressions of the gene by blocking the promoter sites.

They are an additional controls for regulating and translating genes. Have a say on when or whether transcription actually occur.

Eukaryotes mRNA transcripts are super modified before translation. (Splicing)

Sequence ths indicates the ribosome binding site in bacterial dna. Typically AGGAGGU. It is located a few beds up stteam from start codon AUG.

Utilize cell machinery to replicate and produce proteins. They must hijack a living cell of another organism

Plasmids are small circular extra chromosomal DNA molecules that carry extra Gene's. Gene's from drug resistance are what a plasmid can carry.

Polar and hydrophobic

Proteins with a common ancestor.

A phosphate group,

Thymadine is found in DNA but not in RNA. There is a 2' hydroxilc on the RNA monomer but not th4 dna.

Infer biological relationships from sequence similarity

Infer sequence similarity from biological relationships

Similar dna sequences produce similar proteins, which can show what functions and structures those proteins may have if they are similar. Also to check whether to or more genes/proteins are evolutionarily related.

Can see all the possible marches of residues

Genback database results

Just study it

Remember that noncoding and template are the same

UAA, UAG, UGA

Blast Tool

Genome Browser

Non synonymous mutations, red, synonymous for green

Take the frequency of the amino acid in the column and divide it by the frequency of the amino acid in the organism

take log 2 of the odds

There are TANDEM REPEATS

This creates 2 FASTQ files that respond to the forward orientation of fragments, and the other the opposite

A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing.

A set of nucleic acid sequences assembled as a representative example of a species’ genetic material.

Do not represent a SINGLE organism more like a mosaic of different nucleic acid sequences from each individual.

Gel based, Sanger Sequencing, NextGen

because you are sequencing all these different parts of the genome all at the same time!

- Fragment DNA

- Repair ends of the DNA

- A-tailing, adapters are ligated

- Bridge formation and amplification

- Finished flow cell

- sequence by synthesis

note: Flow cell has adapters at each end

creates a library of DNA fragments for sequencing

flow cell has several independent lanes during single sequencing

NGS machine processes a single one

half of them are going to have one base to another one

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