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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is self understanding? How do adolescents self understanding differ from that of children? *Does it include moral qualities
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Self understanding is the individuals cognitive representation of the self; substance and content of self conception.
adolescents are more likely to use abstract thinking and idealistic terms to describe themselves, the also note contextual or situational variations, they compare themselves to others, and to be self conscious |
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what are the two basic aspects of self evaluation
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self esteem- the global evaluational dimension of the self; self worth or self image
self concept- domain specific evaluation (depends on specific actions or causes) |
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what are the eight domains of harters self perception profile for adolescents? which domains are specific to the adolescent? which domain seems to be most important for overall self esteem?
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scholastic, competence, athletic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
3 skill domains not present in the measure she developed for children; job competence, romantic appeal, and close friendship appearance is the most important |
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why should harters measure be supplemented with other methods?
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by using a variety and obtaining info from various sources, investigators are likely to construct a more accurate picture of the adolescents self esteem than they could get by relying on only one assessment method.
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our self evaluation is not always accurate. illustrate how it can be inaccurate or distorted
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high self esteem may refer to accurate, justified perceptions of ones worth as a personal and ones successes and accomplishments, but it can be indication of arrogance, grandiose, unwarranted sense of superiority. low self esteem may suggest the opposite (the persons shortcomings)
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Is there a gender difference in self evaluation? how can prolonged low self esteem be remedied?
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Males reported higher esteem, womens lack could be caused by negative body image, and the interest they take in social relations
identify the causes and the domains of competence important to self provide emotional support and social approval foster achievement (self efficacy) help adolescents to cope |
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what is Eriksons term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?
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psychosocial moratorium: part of the adolescents identity exploration
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what does the adolescent strive for (erikson) *what is the adolescents questioning about according to the instructor
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integration/ commitment and to find a consistent sense of self (Erikson)
Adolescents clamor for solutions about identity faced with deciding who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in life |
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what are the pieces or aspects of identity
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identity is a self portrait composed of:
career and work path a person wants to follow (vocational career identity) whether a person is conservative liberal or in the middle, of politics (political identity) single married divorced or cohabiting (relationship identity) extent to which a person is motivated to achieve and is intellectually oriented (achievement, intellectual identity) whether a person is heterosexual homosexual or bi (sexual identity) which part of the world a person is from and how intensely the person identifies with his or her cultural heritage (cultural/ethnic identity) an individuals personal characteristics (personality) body image (physical identity) |
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current consensus regarding the pace of adolescent identity achievement? What does it entail at the bare minimum
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identity formation seldom happens nearly nor is it usually cataclysmic. Decisions are not made once and for all but must be made over and over. Identity development is an extraordinarily complex process that doesnt begin or end with adolescence. it begins in infancy with the appearance of attachment, and the emerging independence.
involves commitment to a vocational direction, an ideological stance and a sexual orientation. |
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what 2 factors did James Marcia use to systematize Eriksons writing on identity development? what are his 4 identity statuses
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crisis and commitment
Crisis- a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives Commitment- adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do 4 identity statuses: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement identity diffusion- they have not yet experience an identity crisis or made any commitments identity foreclosure- the state when they have made a commitment but not experience an identity crisis identity moratorium- who are in the midst of a crisis but have not made a commitment to identity identity achievement- who has undergone both |
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what pattern of identity development is evident beyond adolescence
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if you develop a healthy identity you are open to more and mroe flexible. Trends in ethnicity, spirituality, sexuality and so on also. And the identity is evergroing
commitment plus exploration, identity achievement |
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how do family and neighborhood help or hurt identity development
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you must understand others to have a good full knowledge of self.
adolescents portraits of self differ depending on who they are around. they may create different selves depending on their ethnic and cultural background and experience youth who have difficulty moving between worlds can experience alienation ffrom their school, family and peers. this can lead to other problems, those who can navigate between them seem to be bicultural or multicultural selves |
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what is bicultural identity
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identity formation that occurs when adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
mexican and american college students identify with american mainstream culture and their origin culture |
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in eriksons theory what is the relation between identity and intimacy? are there gender differences in the relation between identity development and intimacy development? what roles can friendship play
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intimacy should develop after individuals are on the way to a successful identity
intimacy vs isolation: eriksons 6th stage, during early adulthood years, individuals fact the developmental task of forming intimate relations with others insecurity and a defensive posture in relations was expresssed differently (between sexes), males displayed greater superficiality and females more dependency. identity development in adolescence is a precursor to intimacy in romantic relations during emerging adulthood friends were often a safe context for exploring identity related experiences |
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what key evidence indicates pronounced adolescent mood swings or storm and stress
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pubertal change is associated with increased negative emotions, hormonal influences are small and usually associated with other factors. Environmental experiences may contribute more to the emotions than hormones
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illustrate how metacognition (reflective awareness) can contribute to emotional competence?
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metacognition- thinking about thinking
during adolescence individuals are more likely to become aware of their emotional cycles, such as guilt about anger. this may improve their ability to cope. also become more skilled at presenting emotions to others. more likely to understand the importance of being able to communicate their emotions to improve quality of relation emotional comptence- being aware that the expression of emotions plays a major role in relations, coping by using strategies to reduce intensity, understanding inner emotional states,being able to discern others emotions. |
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regarding big five personality factors, how do they fair in cross cultural research? what dimensions may have been suggested? what may be even more important than the factors for identity achievement
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some conclude that only three (extraversion, agreeableness, and consciousness) consistently portray peoples personality traits in diff cultures
optimism is an important personality trait (according to research) of more than 2000 college students, and more closely linked to identity achievement than any of the big five optimism- involves having a positive outlook on the future |
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what is the predominant view currently of the relation between personality traits/temperament and the situation/environment? why does the personality vary?
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interactionalists, both traits and situations are important. temperament forms the foundation of personality.
extra and intraversion influence what u do often |
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what might be the relation between personality and temperament? describe one such relation
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temperament: an individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of repsonding
through increasing capacities and interactions with the environment, temperament evolves or becomes elaborated across childhood and adolescence into a set of personality traits |
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does personality or temperament remain the same (continuity), or does it change (discontinuity)? what is an appropriate match between temperament/personality and environment called?
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some continuity between certain aspects of temperament in childhood and adjustment in early childhood ( few studies so far so more studies before confirming)
goodness of fit: match between temperament style and environmental demands faced by the individual |
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what is the distinction between gender and sex
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gender- identity, theory of self, (based on biological but more)
sex- Male vs. Female (biological) |
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what was freuds anatomy is destiny claim?
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Can be reflected as play, gender bodies etc. biology is expressed in behavior
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what is evolutionary psychologys claim regarding gender related behavior? how has this been criticized
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emphasizes functions of gender, based on survival of the fittest (males) and nurture in women. Criticized because they think we are more capable than that, due to culture, etc.
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how does eaglys social role theory account for male and female gender differences
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Cultural and social structure plays a role, expectations derive from these things
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Describe gender role socialization in terms of social cognitive theory
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learning through observations of social influences (family, friends, peers)
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illustrate how the mass media influence gender related behavior
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pressures and socialization cause men and women to have to act a certain way to be in accordance with society. parents act different towards boys and girls "Girls need more"
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Describe the gender schema theory of gender development? what does it emphasize
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Cognitive developmental theory, trying to figure themselves out and gender, emphasizes, biological but mainly environment
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what is the usefulness but also danger of gender stereotypes ?
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uses- helps everyday life, keeps things fast and easy
Danger- imposing differences in people need to be open to change |
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what gender differences have been found in the brain
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females emotion, thicker corpus collosum.
males- viseospacial skills, sexual behavior is higher (hypothalamus) |
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socioemotional and behavioral differences in male and females
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females- passive aggressive, relational. relationship oriented, emotional, disclose feelings, more prosocial
males- mroe physical labobr, inhibition of feelings, physical aggression |
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what is androgeny? how is it measured in bems sex role inventory? what evidences is there that androgeny is healthy? what is the latest proposal in this field
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asertive and gentle, having both attributes; certain words that may seem more masculine/ feminine show where you are at; lower stress, better decision making etc.
Is gender always relevant, why does it matter |
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what is the gender intensification hypothesis?
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later adolescents , less intense gender role importance
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what did Gilligan claim about girls
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People should bow to girls decision making
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How was Gilligan criticized?
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no Comparison groups to males, reinforcing stereotypes
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which gender is more likely to see sex as linked with love? what are sexual scripts
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Women
The female regulates sexual advances |
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in wht senses is sexuality a transindividual phenomenon according to piaget?
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About reproduction, cant understand without complementary relation between male and female genetalia.
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what are the five levels of sexual life according to rosenhan and seligman
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sexual performance
gender roles, scripts sexual interest or attraction sexual orientation gender identity |
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According to moshman and the text, how does sexual orientation come about? Does research suggest that it is directly or exclusively caused by particular genes? particular environmental events?
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text- genetic, hormonal, cognitive
Mosh- reiterating and complex interactions but no specific event, or gene, can single handedly choose orientation |
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what is D. Bem interactionist theory of the development of sexual orientation
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related to skills and preferences. Exotic but Erotic
not just a gene or preference. |
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What does r spitzer research seem to suggest concerning the question of whether sexual orientation may be mutable for some individuals
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difficult but not impossible to change
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how is adolescent egocentrism a risk factor for unprotected sex activity
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if you believe it can not happen to you, you tend to have unprotected sex
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what are some approaches to reducing rates of problematic teen pregnancy
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sex ed, contraception, a future, involvement
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How do STDs spread
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Blood, semen, vaginal fluids
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what are three STIs (viral) what are the symptoms or consequences? Curable?
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genital herpes, genital warts, chicken pox.
Herps- sores blisters Warts-same ^ Not curable |
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what are three STDs (viral) what are the symptoms or consequences? Curable?
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gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, irritations.
Urinary problems (burning, liquid change) can be curable, often with penicillin |
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Give an illustration of how self serving cognitive distortions can enable or facilitate forcible sexual behavior. What does recent research tell us about these distortions and their relationship to empathy for others
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low empathy correlate with these distortions. if you can not feel for someone else it will not bother you when you do it since you cannot put yourself in their position
blame the person for what they were wearing or doing. Blame the person for losing the wallet (it is their fault). these are the people with low empathy sex offenders world view involve self serving distortions. |
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what are two types of sexual harrassment
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quid pro quo- working and boss offers promotion for sex
hostile environment |
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what are three ways in which kohlberg went beyond piaget? But what problem did he acknowledge
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problem: would have been better in a true dilema by sequence. Heinz dilemma, he went on to adolescents (older than 10), and he added stages.
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what are three alternatives to piagets story pairs and kohlbergs hypothetical dilemmas in moral judgement research?
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defining issues relevant to dilema (rests), asks adolescents real life moral dilemmas (walker), No dilemma (instructor)?
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what kind of problems are adolescents most concerned with?
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relational issues
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describe standard and existential development in Gibbs proposed solution. What role does formal operations play
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standard- immature (centering on size, power, pragmatic exchanges)
Mature- Requires formal operations, reciprocity, expansion to social systems. Existential development requires formal qualitative changes but no stage sequence |
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what is the crucial question concerning morality, according to piaget kohlberg and other moral developmentalists
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about grand stages, are they totally relative? Construction of morality through social interaction, is the theory universal?
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what three aspects or domains are involved in moralit
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moral thought, behavior, and personality
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how did piaget study moral judgement
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story pairs given to people with a question at the end
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through what processes might moral judgement develop, according to piaget and kohlberg
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reciprocity and interactions with others, parents can do this
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what are three proposed solutions to the problem that kohlbergs highest stages are not universal?
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suspend stage 6, broaden what counts at highest stage, 2 phase lifespan (immature and mature levels, instructors view), mature levels require formal operations
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evaluate carol gilligans critique of kohlbergs work. Does the research support her claim that kohlberg underplayed the caring perspective in moral judgement development
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part right and wrong, (females were not underscored) but there are gender differences
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describe the relation between moral judgment and behavior. Is it enough for an adolescent to have good moral values
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judgment supports behavior, the values could be for the wrong reason, Later moral judgment tends to lead to antisocial behavior because they cant understand at the same level
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what is one reason that individuals who evidence maturity in moral judgment may nonetheless engage in antisocial behavior
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different viewpoints on different topics and different feelings towardsactions, distortions (self serving attitudes)
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what are the basic processes of moral behavior, according to behaviorists and neo-behaviorists
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modeling, reinforcement, and the influence of the situation, processes
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in addition to mature moral judment and (and few self-serving cognitive distortions), what helps individual do the right thing despite temptation
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accurate social perception, and ego strength
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in the realm of moral feelings or emotions, what do many adolescents search for, Erikson
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meaning and purpose
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through what process does empathy expand, especially during adolescence? does this always happen
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understanding feelings and perspective taking; does not always happen
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what does moral personality seem to involveq
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identity, character exemplars. self relevance, ego strength, strong identity character and making good decisions
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what kinds of parenting provide social perspective taking opportunities for moral development? what kinds do not?
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inclusion in decision making, inductive discipline, not love withdrawal, or power assertion
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what can schools do to promote perspective taking/ moral development? what is an important goal?
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moral atmosphere, character education, community service
goal is to become less self centered and more helping and selfless |
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what are values. What kinds of experience or involvements can foster moral values
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values are what you think of life and the environment, deeper than just an action
community service and having a religion can foster values |
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how are eriksons piagets and fowlers ideas relevant to the development of religious spiritual understanding
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children are concrete, inconsistent etc. tends to happen with religion also
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what are near death experiences? how can having a near death experience contribute to spiritual development
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a set of psych events that cause the person extreme danger; it can cause the person to be spiritual by getting so close to death
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in what three ways can cults be distinguished from legitimate religious civic and social organizations generally?
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cults are deceptive (recruiting), isolated (elites/superiority), authoritarian, no identity away from cult
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why might an individual join a cult? are cult members all mentally ill
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not a clear identity of who they are, easily manipulated, not ill just confused.
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