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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two ways to make artificial immunity?
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-active
-passive |
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What is active immunity?
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-administration of a vaccine so that the patient actively mounts a protective immune response
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What is passive immunity?
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-individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by an immune individual or animal
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What are three types of vaccines?
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-attenuated (live)
-killed (inactivated) -toxoid |
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Describe attenuated vaccines.
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-modified live vaccines
-uses live pathogens that have reduced virulence so they don't cause disease |
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Describe killed, or inactivated, vaccines.
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-either whole agen vaccines produced with deactivated, but whole microbes, OR subunit vaccines produced with antigenic fragments of microbes
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What is a toxoid vaccine?
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-chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity
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What are two types of aquired immunity?
How are these split? |
-naturally
-artificially *can be split into active or passive |
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What is naturally acquired immunity?
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-immune response against antigens encounterd in daily life
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What is artificially acquired immunity?
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-response to antigens introduced via a vaccine
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What is active acquired immunity?
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-active response to antigens via humoral or cell-mediated response
*natural= infections artificial= antigen in vaccine |
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What is passive acquired immunity?
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-passively receive antibodies from another individual
*natural= placenta or milk artificial= antisera and antitoxins (preformed antibodies) |
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What is herd immunity?
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-when an individual is vaccinated and infects those around them
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In attenuated viral viaccines, what happens?
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-vaccine triggers a cell-mediated immune response dominated by TH1 and cytotoxix T cells
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What can attenuated vaccines contain and result in?
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-contain replicating microbes to stimulate stong immune response (from large number of antigens present)
-can result in mild infections but no disease |
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What are some problems with attenuated vaccines?
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-may retain enough virulence to cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals
-pregnancy; crossing placenta -modified viruses may revert to wild type or mutate to a virulent form |
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Overall, what are some problems with vaccinating?
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-mild toxicity
-anaphylactic shock -residual virulence -certain vaccines cause/trigger autism, diabetes, and asthma (unsubstantiated!!) |
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What is the down-side to toxoid vaccines?
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-require multiple doses to stimulate antibody-mediated immunity
*still useful for some bacterial diseases though |
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What is the current target for new vaccine technology?
Currently, what can be done? |
-make vaccine that are more effective, cheaper, and safer!
-a variety of recombinant DNA techniques can be used to make improved vaccines |
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Why are inactive vaccines safer than attenuated?
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-can not replicate or mutate to virulent form
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How are inactivated vaccines inactivated?
What is most important to preventing while doing this? |
-formaldehyde (cross-links proteins and nucleic acids)
-must not alter antigens responsible for stimulating protective immunity |
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How do inactivated vaccines work in the body?
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-recognized as exogenous antigens and stimulate TH2 response
-this promotes antibody-mediated immunity |
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What are 4 problems with inactivated vaccines?
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-no herd immunity
-inflammatory response from nonantigenic portions of microbe -antigenically weak -high or multiple doses, or use of adjuvants may cuase allergic reactions (though more effective) |
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What is an adjuvant?
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-substance that increases the antigenicity of the vaccine
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What does being antigenically weak mean?
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-microbes don't reproduce and provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response
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What is used in immune testing?
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-antigen-antibody interactions in blood and serum diagnostically
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How is the proper immune test chosen?
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-based on suspected diagnosis
-cost to perform test -speed of result |
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What are the two ways to test antigen-antibody interactions during immune testing?
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-use known antibodies to detect antigens associated with infection
-use antigens to detect antibodies in patients blood to determine exposure to specific pathogen |
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What is antiserum?
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-serum from human or animal donors that have been infected with the disease or immunized against it
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What are the limitations of passive immunity?
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-contain antibodies for multiple antigens
-repeated injections can trigger allergic reactions -antisera may be contaminated with virus -antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly |
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What is the most beneficial aspect of passive immunity vaccination?
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-quick protection against recent infection
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