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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What foods are high in K+?
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dark leafy greens, tomatoes, potatoes, oranges (*citrus foods)
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When does water intoxication happen?
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when excess water increases intracellular volume and dilutes body fluids.
* intake of h20 in excess of body's ability to excrete |
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How can water intoxication be fatal?
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can cause cells, especially brain cells, to swell. low levels of the electrolytes (Na+ and K+)
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Where are osmoreceptors located?
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in the hypothalamus of the brain
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what is the role of osmoreceptors?
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regulates water; they detect changes in concentration of particles in the blood - too high = dehydration sign
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what is the role of the kidneys in water regulation in the body?
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regulate ADH ( anti-diuretic hormone) to resorb more H20; increase the conc of urine to retain more h20
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Where is intracellular water held?
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within cells (2/3 total body water)
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where is extracellular water held?
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in the plasma, lymph, spinal fluid, and secretions (1/3 body water / 20% body weight)
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where is intercellular water held?
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between and around cells
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What are common causes of respiratory acidosis?
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COPD, emphysema, asthma, sleep apnea
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How do kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis?
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increase absorption of base ( bicarbonate - HCO3)
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what is respiratory acidosis?
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retention of CO2 by the lungs (hypo ventilation)
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What is respiratory alkalosis?
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loss of carbonic acid (H2CO3) due to hyperventilation
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What are common causes of respiratory alkalosis?
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excessive exercise, anxiety, pneumonia, head injury
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how do the kidneys respond to respiratory alkalosis?
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kidneys excrete (base) bicarbonate
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how does metabolic acidosis happen?
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kidneys excrete too much base (bicarb)
kidneys produce or retain too much H+ |
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What are common causes of metabolic acidosis?
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uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, high fat or low CHO diet,
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How do the lungs respond to metabolic acidosis?
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lungs increase breathing to expel CO2
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How does metabolic alkalosis happen?
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kidneys retain too much base or by the loss of H+ due to the loss of acid
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what are common causes of metabolic alkalosis?
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diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, sepsis, increased ingestion of alkaline foods
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how do the lungs respond to metabolic alkalosis?
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lungs slow breathing down to retain more CO2 to increase carbonic acid
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What is the normal pH range in the body?
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7.35-7.45
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What are normal pCO2 levels?
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35-45
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what are normal HCO3 levels?
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24-28
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what reflects nutrition adequacy in children?
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height gain
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what anthropometric measurement in children reflects recent nutritional intake?
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weight gain
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What is the normal BMI range?
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18.5-24.9
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What measurement is used for infants (0-3 years)?
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recumbent length
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What are the BMI ranges for underweight, overweight, obese and morbid obese?
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underweight: <18.5
overweight: 25 - 29.9 obese class 1: 30-34.9 obese class 2: 35-39.9 morbid obese: >40 |
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How do you calculate BMI?
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wt (kg) / ht (m2)
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how do you calculate % weight change?
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(UBW - ABW) / UBW x 100%
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what is the minimum %UBW for survival?
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48-55% UBW
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What parameters define significant wt change for 1, 3 and 6 months?
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1 month: 5% loss
3 months: 7.5% loss 6 months: 10% loss |
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What % unintended wt loss reflects severe malnutrition for 1 wk, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year?
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1 week: > 2%
1 month: > 5% 3 months: >7.5% 6 months: >10% 1 year: >20% |
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what calculations define degrees of malnutritoin?
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% UBW and significant wt loss
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what degress of malnutrition are defined by %UBW for mild, moderate, and severe malnut?
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85-90% UBW: mild
75-84% UBW: moderate < 74% UBW: severe |
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What are the + acute phase respondants?
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CRP - c-reactive protein
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What do high levels of CRP indicate?
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inflammation, trauma, and stress
* increase in acute trauma/ illness - rise in first 4-6 hours |
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What do decreasing / low levels of CRP indicate?
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the body is in an anabolic state and so is healing and getting better
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What are the (-) acute phase respondants?
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albumin
transferrin prealbumin (transthyretin) retinol-binding protein (RBP) |
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When do the negative acute phase repsondants decrease?
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in acute trauma / illness
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What are the half lives of albumin, transferritin, prealbumin, and RBP?
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albumin: 20 -21 days (3 wks)
transferritin: 8-10 days prealbumin: 2 days RBP: 12 hours |
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What is microcytic anemia most often associated with?
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iron deficiency
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What is macrocytic anemia generally cause by?
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B12 or folate deficiency; pernicious anemia
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What labs are included in a BMP - basal metabolic panel?
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glucose
calcium sodium potassium chloride creatinine CO2 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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What labs are included in a CMP - comprehensive metabolic panel?
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BMP test AND
albumin total protein bilirubin alkaline phosphate (ALP) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aspatate aminotransferase (AST) |
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What labs are included in a CBC - complete blood count?
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RBC's and WBC's
Hgb and Hct MCV- mean cell volume MCH - mean cell Hgb MCHC - mean cell Hgb conc |
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how is albumin used in nutrition assessment?
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low albumin = inadequate protein intake and poor nutrition
(-) acute phase respondant - high in trauma or illness |