Mod 1 Lesson 3

divided by awall of cartilage by theseptum to have 2 nostrils;contains cilia to trapparticles

lined withcontinuation of nasal

aka. throat, passageway for air and food.

cartilage lid that prevents food fromentering the larynx

voice box; passage way for air to enter the trachea; contains thyroid cartilages: lined with mucousmembranes that form the vocal cords

windpipe; divided into two sections calledright and left bronchus

right and left bronchus, subdivided intosmaller branches called bronchioles.

grapelike clusters at the end of the bronchioleswhere blood capillaries allow for exchange of oxygenand carbon dioxide called external respiration

fatty molecule on the respiratormembrane of the lung

when air enters the body and oxygen passes into the blood stream through alveoi

when carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream through alveoli

(lung to blood)

(blood to cell), takes place in capillaries; oxygen enters cells: carbon dioxide leaves cells

The right has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes and cardiac notch- (space in chest for the heart

Sac around the lungs including the nerves and blood vessels

•Contraction: produces a vacuum within the thoraciccavity, causing air to be drawn in: inhaling-Causes a negative pressure within the lungs restuiting in lesspressure inside than the atmospheric pressure when thispressure exeeeds the outside pressure it becomes positiveand causes expiration to again equalize inside and outsidepressure•Relaxation: forces air out of lungs exhaling

measures ventilation function called lung capacit(the amount of air available in the lungs for respiration)

determines amount ofair moving into and out of lungs in one fast breath; used to monitor asthma

device used to keep lungs healthy whilehealing or after surgery

chronic disorder with swelling, inflammation, and constriction forthe bronchi and bronchioles

collapsed lung

acute or chronic, inflammation of the bronchial walls with distortion and narrowing of airways

irreversible enlargement of the air spaces in the lungscaused by destruction of the alveolari walls

nosebleed: loss of blood through the nose

fungal infection occurring from bird and/or bat droppings

inflammation of the larynx

inflammation of the pleural sac causing sharp, stabbing pain whenthe lung rubs against the chest wall

excess fluid in the pieural space

accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue

absence of breathing

absence of breathing

contraction phase of the heart

relaxation phase of the heart

outer wall of the heart·

outer wall of the heart·

muscle wall of the heart

interior surface of the heart

muscular wall that divides the heart into left and right

(pluralis atria) upper left and right chambers of the heart

lower right and left chambers ofthe heart

between right atrium and rightventricle

between left atrium andleft ventricle

from right atrium to pulmonaryartery

from left ventricle to aorta

60 beats per minute (bpm)

consistently rapid/fast heart beat

consistently slow heart beat

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart only exception are the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the heartto the lungs, specifically from the rightventricle

largest artery

extends up side of neck

extends from the right ventricle to the lungs, the only time arteriescarry deoxygenated blood

Lower arm

Thumb side of lower arm

Extends down thighs

small arteries attach to proximal end of capillaries.

smallest blood vessels: walls are thin enough to allowexchange of gases

carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart: only exception arethe pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, specifically to the left atrium

largest vein

brings blood from upper body to the heart

brings blood from lower body to the heart

straw-colored fluid similar to blood plasma, fils spacesbetween the cells; also called intercellular or interstitial fluid, acts asthe bridge between cells and capillaries

carry lymph; absorb fluid from tissues and returnthem to circulatory system

absorb fluid from tissues and returnthem to circulatory system

small, round/oval structures located inclusters along lymph vessels throughout the body

spreading of cancer through the lymphatic system

produces lymphocyte, stores red blood cells, maintainsbalance of cells and plasma in blood; removes and destroys worn-out cells; located in upper left quadrant; lies beneath the leftside of the diaphragm in the back of the upper portion of thestomach

an antigen found in blood first detected in Rhesus monkeys; denoted in blood type as + or -

Remember: in pregnancy a negative mother with a positive father of the fetus requires treatment to preventproblems with future pregnancies as the mothers bodywill develop antibodies against the Rh positive antigen•Rhogam is given within 72 hours after delivery of each

fats considered "good forunder normal amounts; present in food eaten

fat in blood from metabolism of fats indiet•Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) "bad" formHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) "good" form

•Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) "bad" formHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) "good" form

radiologic exam of arteries using contrast medium

use of a catheter to visualize the heart and arteries and repair blockages with a balloon or stent or angioplasty

use of a treadmill and ECG equipment to monitor the heartduring exercise

use of sound waves to make an image of the internalstructures of the heart

recording of the electrical impulsesof the heart.

ambulatory monitor similar to an EKG over 24 hours

multiple grated acquisition test evaluates the condition of the myocardium of the heart

radiographic exam used with contrast medium to determinecondition of veins

lack of certain elements in the blood•Iron Deficiency: most common form of anemia; inadequate supply of iron in RBC's•Aplastic: result of injury or destruction of blood cell formation by bone marrow

ballooning or bulging of the wall of an artery

condition characterized by deposits of fatty material along the lining of the arteries

hardening of the arteries

severe chest pain

abnormal heart rhyth

stroke, sudden impairment of theflow of blood to the brain

poor performance of the heart dueto fluid around the heart

disease of the arteries surroundingthe heart

foreign matter or clotCirculating in the bioodstream

condition which the heart pumps too weekly to supply thebody with blood

elevated blood pressure on several occasions.

below normal blood pressure.

malignant or cancerous condition of the bone marrow

Heart attack compfication of coronaryartery disease that results from occlusion

localized inflammation vein

acute condition in which the lining of the wall becomesinflamed and a thrombus, clot, forms

Substances the immune system recognizes as non-self and responds to by destroying or rendering them ineffective all antigens carrymarkers that identify them as foreign substances to the immune system

•Examples•Bacteria•Viruses•Fungi

•Parasites

when the immune system mistakes itselffor non-self and attacks itself, examples = rheumatoid arthritis,diabetes, lupus

group of 20 inactive enzyme proteinsnormally present in the blood and involved in humoral immunity

set off by antibody-mediated responses, causingmucous membranes to produce mucus. and other chemicals todevelop an inflammatory response; basophil and mast cells areactivated to release histamines thatdilate blood vessels to slow down the rate of flow

non-antibody proteins that regulates the immuneresponse; many have been renamed interleukins (IL) meaningmessengers between leukocytes"

non-T and non-B lymphocytes: numerous in the bloodstream and the reticuloendothelial system; Kill cancercells and cells infected with viruses without using antibodies orhaving prior exposure to the antigen

shots and vaccinations that provide protectionagainst antigens, examples include smallpox measies, diphtheria,mumps, poliovirus, varicella, hepacicis A and B pneumonia pertussisand tetanus toxeid

new growth of either benign or malignant tumors

are usually slow growing, do not invade other tissues, anddo not spread to other parts of the body

are cancerous and differ from benign because they lack normal growth controlling mechanisms with unorganized and disorderly growth

debilitating disorder with persistentoverwhelming fatigue, low-grade fever, sore throat, headaches, jointpain and muscle weakness; physicians do not know much about thisdisorder and some deny its existence because it cannot bedetected by blood testing

chronic disease of unknown cause withstriking changes occurring in the immune system;: antibodies reactagainst the patient's own normal tissue

swelling in tissue caused by accumulation oflymphatic fluid

mashed food mixed with saliva

throat, passage way for bolus to enter the esophagus

contains two layers of involuntary muscles circular andlongitudinal that alternate contractions to produce peristalsis

wave-like action of esophageal muscles alternating contraction and relaxation, squeezing the bolus into the stomach; a"milking action"

located between the esophagus and stomach circular muscle that opens to allow the bolus to enter the stomach and then closes to prevent backflow

•Attached to the esophagus by the •cardiac sphincter•10" long•J-shaped•Contains folds or rugae that allow the stomach to expand when the bolus enters•Contains gastric glands that produse hydrechisrie acldand enzymesthat mixes with the bolus to produce chyme

semi-liquid, partially digested substances

located between the bottom of the stomach andsmall intestine: prevents backfow

Largest gland in the body. Secretes bile

•Sole function is to store bile until needed•Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

▪︎Obstruction of the bile duct.

•Located behind the stomach•Only dual functioning organ in the body

▪︎Digestive capacity produces enzymes to breakdown chime

▪︎Produces insulin via Islets of Langerhans

•Duodenum- first section, c-chaped 9" long

•jejunum- middle section, 12' long

•illeum- last section, 12' long

attaches small intestine to large intestine

•Collects body's waste products•2" in diameter•5' long》7 sections1.Cecum: where the vermiform

appendix projects from2. Ascending Colon3. Transverse Colon4. Descending Coion3025. Sigmoid Colon: S shaped6 Rectum: collecting area for digestive remains fecal material7. Anal Canal rexiting passageway for fecal material

barium swallow, evaluates the esophagus and stomach

barium enema, views large intestine

detects microscopic blood, blood that cannot be seen by the naked eye, in fecal material

examines the rectum

examines therectum and sigmoid colon

acute inflammation of the appendix.

chronic liver disease causing destruction of the livercells

artificial opening of the colon allowing fecal materialto be excreted from the body through the abdominal wall

sluggish bowel action making bowel movementsdifficult

frequent, liquid stools

bulging pouches in the wall of the Gl tract wherethe lining has pushed into the surrounding muscle

backflow of gastricand duodenal contents into the esophagus through the cardiacsphincter

alternating periods of diarrhea andconstipation; also called spastic colon

a mass of tissue that results from an overgrowth of upper epithelial cells of the mucosal membrane of the GI tract

•A-caused by HAV; transmitted by contaminated food or fecal-oralroute; vaccine is available•B-caused by Hev, sexualy sransmitted through blood and bodyfluids including by mouth vaccine is available•c -caused by Heviacqures through drecescenact with bloodand body fuids•D-caused by HDV only a person Whoislreacy infected withHepatitis B can become infected with hepatitis D

caused by drinking water that contains HEV•G-caused by HGV; little or no symptoms•X-when a hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is not caused byhepatitis A, B, C, D, or E; in other words, hepatitis of an unknownvirus

A group of glands that secretesubstances/hormones directly into the bloodstreanm

only dual functioning organ; both endocrine andexocrine

Produces 9 hormones•Called the Master Glandtt•Called the Master Głand• Located in the sella turcica in the skuli

▪︎7 anterior•2 posterion

Essential for normal growth of body tissue•Dwarfism insufficient production during childhood• Gigantism overproduction in childhood• Acromegaly overproduction in adulthood

•Thyroid-stirmulating hormone (TSH)•Increases growth and activity of the thyroid cells to produce thynoid hormone

stimulates cortex of adrenal glands

increases skin pigmentation

responsible for breast development and production of milk afterchildbirth

•Enlarges graafian follicle of the ovary to rupture and stimulates estrogen production infemales•Stimulates production of sperm in males

•Causes rupture of ovarian follicle become a corpus luteum that secretes progesterone infemales•Stimulates interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone in males

•Enlarges graafian follicle to rupture and stimulates production ofestrogen in females• Stimulates production of sperm in males

•Concentrates urine and conserves water in the body•Stimulates smooth muscles of blood vessels to constrict

•2 lobes on either side of the larynx•Located in upper portion of the trachea in the lower neck~Produces 3 hormonesl. Thyroxine (T4)2. Triiodothyronine (T33. Thyrocalcitonin: causes reduction in level of calcium in blood

Surgical removal of the thyroid glands

•Located on posterior surface of the thyroids•Responsible for regulating calcium in the blood

uncontrollable twitching and spasms of the musclesresulting from hyperirritability of the nerivous system

•Located above each kidney suprarenal•Cortex: outer glandular tissue essential to life•Mineralcoricoids: control electrolyte balances includes aldosteroneaffect metabolism of protein, fat, and glucose•Sex steroidst: gövern certain sexual characterstics; referred to asAndrogens•Medullas: inner tissue, nonessentlal to life.•Adrenaline: principle hormone; also called epinephrine•Norepinephrine: counters action of epihephrine•Flight or fight hormone

•2-lobe structure nder the sternum•Composed of lymphoid tissue•Large during childhood but becomes a small mass after puberty•Produces active peptides involved in T cell maturation making upthe immune system

•small mass of tissue attached by a slim stalk to the roof of the 3rdventricle in the brain•Believed to produce melatonin•Regulates circadian rhythms (has to do with a normal heart rate)

•Secretes estrogen and progesterone•Affects uterine lining development of secretory portion of breasts•Aids in maintaining pregnancy

Produces testosterone