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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ribose
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five carbon sugar
3' and 5' carbons most important, used as the sugar in RNA |
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Deoxyribose
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Ribose's little brother...missing an OH group at 2' end, used as the sugar in DNA
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Bases
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Pyrimidines and Purines (these attach to 1' end of ribose)
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Pyrimidine
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Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
One ring structure Memory aid: CUT the PY, also PIES are 1 circle |
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Purines
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Adenine and guanine
two ringed bases Memory aid: AG foods are PURe, two (rings) makes a PURfect couple |
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Nucleosid
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Ribose/deoxyribose + base
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Nucleotide
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base + Ribose + phosphoralation
Ribose is the center player. 5' end gets phospohralated, 1' end gets bases ATP is an example |
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Deoxynucleotide
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base + Dexoyribose + phosphoralation
DNA is a deoxynucleotide |
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Phosphodiester bonds
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the way nucleotides are POLYMERIZED to make nucleic acids, the bond is between 5' and 3' end of a nucleotide
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Name the 4 differences between DNA and RNA
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1. DNA does not have a 2' hydroxly group
2. DNA has thymidine, RNA uses uridine 3. DNA is much larger than RNA 4. DNA forms doublue stranded helicies, RNA has single strand |
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Base pair
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two nucleotides held together by a hydrogen bond (in DNA)
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What is the complimentary matching of base pairs?
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A to T
C to G |
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Antiparallel
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two strands of DNA doblue helix are opposite (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')
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Denaturing, deanneling, or melting DNA
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the dobule helix seperating into 2 strands due to heat
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Annealing or reannealing
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single strands of coming back together to form double helix (cool slowly)
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hybridization
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two different sources of DNA annealing together
Memory aid: Cat - Dog (cartoon) |
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antisense RNA
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RNA squence that is complimentary to a DNA or another RNA strand
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strand specificity
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strands need to match and line up their base pairs
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What kind of charge does DNA and RNA have?
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Negative because of phosphodiester bonds
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How many base pairs per turn are in a dobule helix?
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10 bp
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Major and minor groove importance
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Dobule helix has wide spots and narrow spots...wide spots are the major grove, usually regulator proteins bind here
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What conformations is the dobule helix held in?
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B DNA
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What are the other confirmation of DNA?
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A- tightly wound (a type personality)
Z- left handed double helix (backwayds like a lefty or a zebra) Triple helix |
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Supercoiling
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when DNA coils up
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Chromatin
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DNA + protein
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Heterochromatin
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more condesned chromatin in interphase, these areas contain fewer genes
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euchromatin
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less dense chromatin and transcriptionally active
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histones
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most abundant of protein in chromatin
octameric complex protein made of six different kinds of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, etc) |
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What kind of charge do histones have?
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Postitive, allows it to bind around negative DNA
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Are histones found in prokaryotes?
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NO! Only eukaryotes!
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Nucleosomes
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histones octamers + DNA
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Solenoids
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Nucleosomes coiling around each other froming hollow tubes
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Solenoid tangling
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chromosomal condensationg during prophase
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scaffold proteins
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second most abundant kind of chromatin protein, creates loops in solenoids, probably involved in supercoiling or to keep solenoids together
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What is a chromosome band?
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dark staining region of chromosome, thought to be tightly packed DNA, G bands
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Centromere
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the center of the two arms in a chromosome
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Metacentric
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centromere in the center of the arms
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Submetacentric
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a little off center between arms
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acrocentric
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centromere towards the end of one arm
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telocentric
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centromere at the end of an arm (not in humans)
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Arms of chromsome
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P = petite arm
Q = long arm (QUEEN size) |
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telomere
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the ends of a chromosome
have a lot of GT repetitive sequences |
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Karyotype
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Organizing the chromosomes into number, size, and banding patterns
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Genome
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all the DNA of an cellular unit
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highly repetitive sequences
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millions of copies per genome (3% of genome)
arranged in tandem arrays do not encode for genes, structual (mitotic spindle, telomeric sequences) used for DNA fingerprinting |
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intermidate sequences
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hundred - thousand per genome (45% of genome)
most are degenerate transposons |
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rare sequences
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one copy per genome (50% of genome)
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transposons
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jumping genes...sequences that can move around the genome
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retrovirus
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parasitic DNA molecules capable of moving from one cell to another with using RNA intermidate
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retrotransposons
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transposons that move through RNA intermediates
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Alu sequences
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transposons that can cause problems if transposed...most intermidated transposable elements do not cause problems
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DING!
functional intermeidate class genes |
includes houskeeping genes (basic cellular processes)
ex. rRNAs, histones, 5S-rRnA, tRNAs |
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gene families
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groups of genes that have similar sequences
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homology
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estimation of how closely related genes are based on sequence similarity
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conserved domains
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regions with similar sequences that have been kept
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Name two examples of clustered gene families
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Globins and Histones
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Where/when does DNA replication occur in eukaryotes?
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Nucleus during S phase
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What things are required for DNA replication?
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DNA polymerase, Mg2+, template, primer, dNTPs
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What dirrection does DNA replication go in?
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5' to 3'
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