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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genetic materials of cells... |
Genes nucleic acids DNA Nucleotides |
|
Genes are... |
units of genetic material that codes for a specific trait |
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Codes for a specific trait are |
Nucleic acids |
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DNA is made up of repeating molecules called |
nucleotides |
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DNA nucleotide contains |
phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C) |
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Watson and Crick proposed... |
DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases A - T C - G complementary rule |
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Complementary Rule |
nucleotides arranged in a way of pairing the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand; adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C) |
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Rungs of ladder is talking about what part of the DNA double helix? |
nitrogenous base (ATGC) |
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Legs of Ladder is talking about what part of the DNA double helix? |
Phosphate and sugar backbone |
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where is the phosphate connected to on the sugar? in the DNA double helix |
At 5 and 3 |
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where is the nitrogenous base connected to on the sugar? in the DNA double helix |
At 1 |
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There are two types of nitrogenous bases... |
purines pyrimidines |
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Purines include |
Adenine and Guanine |
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Pyrimidines include |
Thymine and Cytosine |
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Chargaff's Rule (Erwin Chargaff) |
Adenine must pair with thymine Guanine must pair with cytosine Purine always pairs with a pyrimidine and vice versa |
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DNA is composed of |
deoxyribose (5 carbon) sugar, phosphate group (-vely charged), and a nitrogenous base |
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By what bond is the nitrogenous base attached to the 1' carbon of sugar? |
Glycosyl bond |
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By what bond is the phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of sugar? |
ester bond |
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nitrogenous bases are held together by ____ bonds |
hydrogen bonds |
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Hydrogen bonds individually are ___ but collectively the are _____ |
weak strong |
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the two strands of DNA are considered |
anti parallel |
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one strand of DNA runs, the other strand runs in, |
5' to 3' direction 3' to 5' direction (5' end terminates with a phosphate group while the 3' end terminates with a hydroxyl group of deoxyribose |
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every DNA molecule has an intrinsic directionality |
5' - ATGCCGTTA -3' 3' - TACGGCAAT -5' |
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the diameter of DNA is |
2nm |
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the double helix makes one complete turn every ________ |
every 10 nucleotides which is 3.4 nm in size |
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What provides diversity of living organisms |
the different arrangements of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA) which provides the key to diversity among living organisms |
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the 'code' of chromosomes is the |
specific order that bases occur |
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DNA is wrapped tightly around ____ and coiled tightly to from _______ |
histones chromosomes |
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histones are |
positively charged proteins that bind to negatively charged DNA in chromosomes |
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DNA must be ____ |
copied |
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The DNA molecule produces _____ new complementary stands following the rules of base pairing: |
2 identical A-T, G-C |
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Each strand of original strand serves as a |
template for the new strand |
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Semiconservative Model |
Watson and Crick showed that the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand |
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why is replication necessary |
so both the new cells will have the correct DNA |
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when does replication occur? |
during the interphase (S phase) |
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describe how replication works |
enzymes unzip DNA and complimentary nucleotides join each original strand |
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Watson and Crick proposed |
- DNA controlled cell function by serving as a template for protein structure |
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3 nucleotides = |
a triplet or Codon which code for a specific amino acid |
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amino acids are |
the building blocks of proteins |
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DNA transcription |
DAN can 'unzip' itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand |
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Both DNA and RNA are formed from |
nucleotides and are called nucleic acids |
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DNA translation |
cell uses info. from 'messenger' RNA to produce proteins |