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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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longitudinal research study
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Same individual group is observed performing the same task over time
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Cross-sectional research study
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Observing groups of individuals overbearing ages over a point in time
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Mixed longitudinal or sequential study
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Several age groups are there at one time or over a short time.
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Cohort
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A group of members who share one common characteristic such as
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Newell's model of constraints
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Individual environmental and task
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Individual constraints
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A person's personal constraint can be structural such as height and weight or functional such as motivation and experience
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Environmental constraints
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Outside the body and the world around us temperature like humidity gravity surfaces floors walls
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task constraints
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Include goals or movement of an activity examples rules for that movement and choice of equipment
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Physical growth versus maturation
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Chesil concluded that children develop in an orderly fashion predictable and predetermined over childhood
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Maturationist
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Believe that genetics and heredity are primarily responsible for motor development environment has little effect
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Information processing perspective
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Brain acts like a computer taking in information processing it and outputting a movement
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Echological perspective
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Interelationships between individual environmental and the task includes all constraints such is the body type motivation temperature in ball size
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motor learning
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Movement changes that are relatively permanent but related to experience or practice rather than age
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Body scaling
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Using particular individuals body proportions when making body movement decisions
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Rate limiter versus controller
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Individual constraint or system that hold back or slow the emergence of a skill. Controller is the system or part that is necessary or that declines first
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Newton's first law
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an object at rest stays at rest in an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by force
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Newton's second law
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The acceleration of a person or an object is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass
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Newton's third law
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Every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
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Oppositional locomotor movement
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upper and lower body proportions twist to in an opposite way .opposite leg and arm
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stability and mobility reaction
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a person resists movement or disruption increase base of support and lower center of gravity and increased stability leads to improved balance and decreased mobility
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force absorption
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to decrease the impact of landing bending knees increases time and distance catch a ball and bring it into their body
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congenital defect
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abnormalities present at birth regardless of weather their cause is genetic or extrinsic
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teratogens
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any drug that can harm the fetus upon exposure ex small virus alcohol
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cerebral cortex
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surface of brain containing millions of neurons and regulation of many human behavior and functions
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appositional bone growth
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So that we are for diameter growth and width girth
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Hyperplasia
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Growth in the number of cells
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Hypertrophy
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Growth in the actual size of the individual cell
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Traction
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Where the muscle tendon attaches on the bone
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Epithelial growth plate( pressure epithesis)
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Secondary ossification center and bone shaft increase in length
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bone loss in the aging
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Bone formation slows and cannot keep pace with reabsorption lost bone tissue and early as the 20s one bone mass per year physical activity applied to bones helps maintain and density hormone level diet and exercise influence bone loss
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Cardiac development in a child
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Right ventricle is large at birth and will reach proportion follows the sigmoid pattern heart volume to body weight remains about the same throughout growth
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cardiac demise in the aging
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Her ability to adapt to an increased workload declines degeneration of heart muscle valves in fiber and decreased elasticity most changes are due to lifestyle not pathology of muscle fibers
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Reflex
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Facilitate survival functional reasons
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reflex building blocks
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Disappear when something is wrong
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Universality
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Individuals of a species show great similarity in their development and that they go through the same changes
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Sigmoid pattern
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Postnatal development rapid growth after birth followed by a gradual and steady growing during childhood then wrap it again in adolescents and leveling off varies per individual
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Environmental task constraint examples
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Facility weather temperature. Surrounding altitude
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Individual task constraint in samples
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Maturation of the CNS development of strength and endurance posture balance improvement of sensory processing
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Babinski reflex
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Stimulus is a stroke on the sole of the foot toes extend birth to 4 months old persistence after 6 months is dangerous
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Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
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Turn head to one side is stimulus response is the same arm and leg extend prenatal to 4 months after 6 months is dangerous
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Why reflexes exist
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Gateway of purposeful movement help them survive we do coordinated movements and later give them an opportunity to practice before higher brain centers are ready to mediate at actions
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Derotative righting reflex
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Stimulus is trying the legs and pelvis to the other side the response of the trunk in the head will rotate this room for months on this is with no warning signs .when you're older you fall and you will extend your wrists to brace the fall
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Cephalocaudal
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Head and facial structures grow fastest followed by upper body and then slowly lower body
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Proximodistal
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Correction of gross proceeding from the body toward the extremities
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Muscle fiber types
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type 1 the IIa and IIb
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