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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma is a mixture of _______ and _________. |
ionized gas free-floating electrons |
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SI standardized units of measure based on the metric system 7 length mass time electric current temp luminous intensity amount substance |
m Kg s second A ampere K cd candela mol mole |
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12 standard prefixes of naming units of measure to denote quantity |
T G M k h da d c m u n p |
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periodic table of elements vertical columns = |
groups have similar properties |
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horizontal rows |
periods |
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Neil Bohr discovered what about electrons |
described electron orbits in terms of energy levels and ability to emit quantized energy by stimulated emission |
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atomic theory describes what about atoms |
atoms have a central core, the nucleus, with orbiting particles called electrons. |
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nucleus contains |
protons and neutrons p=+ n= 0 e = - |
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atomic number define |
the number of protons in an atoms |
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ions define |
are atoms that have gained or lost electrons from their natural composition |
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atom gained electron= |
anion |
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atom lost electron = |
cation |
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isotopes define |
the same elements have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. isotopes of the same element have differing mass numbers. |
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molecules define |
two or more bonded atoms |
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valence electrons define |
electrons in the outermost shell and involved in bonding |
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covalent bond define |
physical sharing of electrons between atoms happens between same or different atoms that share similar electronegativity |
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2 general types of bonds which is stronger |
covalent* electrostatic |
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electrostatic bonds define |
are made by attraction of electrons between atoms |
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3 types of electroatatic bonding, ex, strongest |
ion-ion* NaCl ion-dipole H2O + Na dipole-dipole H2O |
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some molecules have induced dipoles caused by momentary uneven spatial distribution of electrons. induced dipoles are not permanent. Lead to weak bonding between nonpolar molecules called ______ |
london dispersion forces - are the weakest of all molecular bonds |
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isomers define isomers may be structural or stereoisomers |
are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. |
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structural isomers define |
have the same molecular formula but their atoms are located in different places ex isoflurane and enflurane have different physical and chemical properties |
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stereoisomers
define |
are molecules that have similar geometric arrangement of atoms but differ in their spatial position may be enantiomers or diastereomers |
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enantiomers |
are mirror images of one another, cannot be be superimposed, and posses similar chemical and physical properties. |
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bond energy define |
is the amount of energy needed to make or break a bond |
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forming a bond (needs energy or release energy) |
release energy |
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enthalpy define |
is the total amount of energy possessed by a system. total kinetic and potential energy. |
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organic chemistry is the study of _____ containing molecules |
carbon |
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single bonded carbon chains are called double or triple bonded carbon chains |
saturated hydrocarbons unsaturated |
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single bonds double bonds triple bonds |
alkanes alkenes alkynes |
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NR3 ROH ROH ring ROR' RCHO RCOR' RCOOH RCOOR RCONH2 |
amines alochols phenols ether aldehyde ketones carboxylic acid esters amides |
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hypothermic patients receiving voliate agent increase or decrease solubility of the gas |
increase solubility less kenetic energy when it is cold. so gas diffuses into a liquid at a greater extent. |
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p=kc henry's law |
henry's law (gas solubility) at a constant temp. the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface |
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how does henry's law relate to delivering anesthetic gas, what phenomena |
overpressurizing - is the process of significantly increasing a volatile anesthetic concentration (partial pressure) delivered to a patient increase the alveolar concentration and therefore the amount dissolved in the blood, to speed uptake |
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diffusion |
is the process of net movement of one type of molecule through space as a result of random motion intended to minimize a concentration gradient |
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r=1/✓mw Graham's law how does this relate to diffusion of gas |
graham's law determines the faster diffusion of smaller molecules compared to larger molecules |
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osmosis |
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equilibrate a concentration gradient |
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osmotic pressure vs oncotic pressure |
osmotic pressure is the force needed to stop osmosis from occuring. oncotic pressure is the osmotic pressure by plamsma proteins and electrolytes in capillaries. |
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what opposes oncotic pressure |
hydrostatic pressure tendency to push water out of the capillaries |
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normal oncotic pressure = |
28 mmhg |
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diffusion of anesthesia - the continual diffusion of 02 into the blood is driven by a concentration gradient that continuously diffuses o2 into the alveoli via the ventilator circuit what law |
fick's law diffusion of gas across biological tissues |
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Fick's law explains what phenomena |
diffuision hypoxia - the stopping of N20 and not increasing fio2 of O2. |
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fick formula |
J=⍺D/ △ x (Pao2 - Pcapo2) |
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Mass vs weight |
mass is the total of all matter in an object (p,e,n), weight total effect of gravity pulling on (p,e,n) |
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gravity = ?? amount |
9.81m/sec2 |
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gravitational force = ?? formula |
gravitional force = (Gxm1xm2)/(d |
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a feather and a rock will fall to the earth at the same speed why and what law? |
3rd law of motion - objects resist movement proportional to their mass greater pulling but also greater resistance |
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newtons 3 laws of motion 1. law of inertia 2. law of acceleration 3 law of reciprocal action |
1. a body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by another force 2. acceleration of a body is in the direction of and proportional to the sum of all the forces called vectors 3. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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F=ma standard unit |
force=mass x acceleration measured in newtons |
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PVR = ?? normal values SVR = ?? formula |
100-200 dyne sec/cm5 900-1200 SVR= (MAP-CVP) / CO |
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normal axis of electrical flow summation of vectors n the heart is |
-30 to +90 degrees |
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draw axis deviation vector |
??? |
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standard unit of measurement for pressure |
pascal (Pa)
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P=f/a Pa=1N/1m^2 1N = 102 grams |
?? |
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difference in pressure applied to TB syringe and 10ml syringe which creates greater force |
TB syringe will have greater pressure that is why you de-clog catheters will larger syringes, you can rupture the catheter |
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atmospheric pressure is the column of gravitational force on gases over a given area |
100kPa or 760mmHg or 1020 cm H20 or 14.7 lb/inch^2 |
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1 torr= ___ mmHg 1kPa = _____cm H20 = _____ mmHg 1 atm = ____ mmHg = ____ torr = ___bar = _____kPa = _____cm H20 = _____ lb/inch^2 |
1 10.2, 7.5 760, 760, 1, 100, 1020, 14.7 |
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what does manometer measure |
is a liquid-filled tube that is open to atmospheric pressure on one end and exposed to a pressure for measurement on the other end. it measures pressure in a tube. |
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give an example of a real life manometer we use everyday |
sphygmomanometer BP cuff |
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absolute pressure = |
atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure |
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gauge pressure= |
absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure |
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what gauge do we use in anesthesia |
bourdon gauges to measure high pressures, gas cylinders, and are referneced at atmospheric pressure |
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3 laws of thermodynamics 1 law of conservation of energy 2 energy moves toward greater entropy or randomness 3 absolute zero is void of all energy |
1. energy cannot be created or destroyed 2 the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time 3. absolute zero is theoretical because it has been impossible to acheive |
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energy can be defined as the exertion of _____ or the capacity to do _______ |
force kinetic work |
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Si unit for energy = |
Joule |
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2 types of energy are |
potential stored energy kinetic movement |
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PE = formula |
PE = mgh |
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KE = formula |
KE = (1/2)mv^2 |
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temp conversion c to K C to F F to C |
K= C +273 F = (1.8xC) + 32 C= (F -32)/1.8 SI unit of temp K 273.15K |
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absolute 0K, -273.15C, -459.67F means what |
absolute zero is the absence of all energy and therefore absence of all heat |
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normal mechanism that slow heat loss in our body |
vasoconstriction the directing of blood away from the periphery aids in conservation of body heat |
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opposite thermoregulation that promotes heat loss |
vasodilation |
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thermoregulation under anesthesia |
it is disrupted under anesthesia by vasodilating drugs, (gases) and regional, vasodilate vessels including those in the periphery causing greater blood flow to the surface of our bodies |
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the greatest heat loss is when |
first hour |
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4 ways of heat loss 1 radiation 2 convection 3 conduction 4 evaporation most significant heat loss |
radiation*- of the infrared electromagnetic wavelength transfers heat energy from our warm bodies to the less warm OR convection - is the process of creating air currents by heat CURRENTS conduction - transfer of heat by physically touching a less warm object evaporation - least important - moisture evaporated from skin and exhaling |
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where do we loose the most heat: body part |
head d/t most blood flow to that area |
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latent heat of vaporization |
is the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase |
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the energy withdrawn from the environment to convert one gram of water into vapor is _____ joules or approx ____calories |
2500 600 |
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give an example in the OR of this |
prepping the patient with betadine. the energy used to change the water to vapor comes from our body. our body loses heat energy to this process and we experience a state of lower thermal energy |
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of the 4 ways of hat loss which one is the most |
due to radiation of infrared electromagnetic radiation then convection think CURRENT |
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give examples on how to prevent heat loss 5 |
forced warm air devices lower gas flow rates humidification warm OR covering and insulating patients |
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_________ is the process of converting liquid or solids into vapors |
vaporization |
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The _____ _____ of ______ is the energy needed to transform a given amount of liquid into gas and is measured in _______ |
latent heat of vaporization KJ |
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the temperature at which the bulk of a liquid at a given pressure converts to a vapor is the ___ ____ |
boiling point |
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the rate of vaporization depends on 3 things |
temp the vapor pressure of the liquid partial pressure of the vapor above the evaporating liquid |
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all liquids that have high vapor pressures at room temp are known as _____ ______ |
volatile liquids |
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as gas molecules escape the liquid they exert a pressure known as ______ ______ measured in _____ |
vapor pressure mm Hg |
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VP of iso sevo des |
238 mmhg 160 660 |
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if a high vapor pressure volatile anesthetic agent is placed inside a vaporizer calibrated for a lower vapor pressure agent is the output higher or lower |
higher than indicated on the control dial |
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The kinetic molecular theory states 5 assumptions |
1. molecules have no volume 2 gas molecules exert no force on each other unless they collide 3. collisions do not decrease the energy of the system 4. molecule of gas are in constant motion 5. their energy is entirely kinetic energy |
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gas laws involve what 3 people and what 3 constants |
charles boyle gay-lussac pressure temperature volume |
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ideal gas law |
PV=nrT |
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r= |
0.0821 L atm/mol K |
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charles law |
increase in temp increase volume |
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boyle law |
increase in pressure decrease in volume |
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gay-lussac law |
increase in pressure increase in temperature |
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avagadro's number |
6.023x10^23 molecule |
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van der Waals equation corrects for the ideal gas law for 2 things: |
molecular volume and molecular inter |
