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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Numbers of muscles in the body
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650 total
50 in the face 17 to smile 40 to frown |
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Functions of the muscles
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1. Assist in body movements
2.Assist in the movement of materials internal to the body 3.Produces heat and energy 4. Assists in maintaining posture and balance 5.Helps protect the internal organs |
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3 Classifications of muscle tissue
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1. Skeletal
2. Smooth (visceral) 3. Cardiac |
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Facts about Skeletal Muscle
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*Voluntary
*Striated *Attached to skeleton directly or may be attached by tendons or aponeurosis *Contracts quickly in response to stimulation of nerve impulses Enclosed in epimysium |
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Facts about Smooth muscle
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*Involuntary
*Non-striated, spindle shaped cells *Found in vescer (stomach, intestines, urinary ducts and blood vessels) *Contracts slowly in response to stimulation to nerve impulses |
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Facts about Cardiac muscle
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*Involuntary
*Partially striated-1 nucleus *found only in heart *Contract moderately fast in response to stimulation to nerve impulses |
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Major structures of skeletal muscles
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1. Origin (closest to the midline of the body and on immmovable bone)
2. Insertion (end of skeletal attachment and on movable bone) 3. Body (belly) main part of muscle |
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Epimysium
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Fibrous sheath that enfolds a skeltal muscle and extends over the origin and insertion
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Aponeurosis
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Epimysium extension from the muscle that is continuous with the periostium of the bone.
Broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that serves as a tendon to attach muscles to bone or as fascia to bind muscles together |
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Tendon
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Epimysium extension from the muscle as a strong cord of connective tissue that attaches to the adjacent structure.
White, glistening fibrous band of tissue that attach muscle to bone. |
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Adductor
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Toward
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Levator
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Lifts
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Depressor
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Depresses or lowers a part
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Flexor
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Felxes, bends a part at a joint
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Extensor
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Extends, straightens a part at the joint
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Rotator
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medial rotation-
revolves part on its axis Lateral rotation (aka circumduction)-moves a part so that its distal point travels in a circle |
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Protractor
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moves a part forward
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retractor
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moves a part backward
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Invertor
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moves a part upside down or inside out
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Evertor
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turns or rotates a part outward
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Supinator
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turns a part upward
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Pronator
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Turns a part downward
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Dorsiflexor
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moves a part toward the back
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Sphincter
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constricts, closes an opening
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Tensor (aka fixator)
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tenses, makes a part more rigid. Stabalizes the joint to help maintain posture and balance during action of prime mover
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Prime mover AKA Agonist
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Muscle that generates the majority of force to accomplish a movement
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Antagonist
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When flexed, directly opposes prime mover
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Synergist
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Assistes prime movers. Helpers, "working together."
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The energy to produce muscle movement comes from what?
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Simple sugars through metabolism
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Muscles like to be ______________ to the body part that they move.
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Proximal
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Body movement is coordinated by____________________?
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Muscle pairs
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"All or none" law
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Contracts fully or not at all in response to impulse.
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Contracture
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abnormal function because the muscle contracts "at rest."
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6 Functional characteristics of muscle tissue
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1.Irritability/Excitability
2.Conductivity 3.Contractility 4.Extensibility 5.Elasticity 6. Tone |
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IrritabilityExcitability
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Ability to resonde to stimulus
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Conductivity
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Ability to transmit impulses
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Contractility
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Ability to shorten or contract "muscle twitch."
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Extensibility
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Ability to stretch (lengthen) and remain stretched (hold.)
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Elasticity
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Ability to return to norma length when stretching force is removed
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Tone
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Slight tension that is present in muscles even when they are at rest-provides quicker and easier response when needed.
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Epimysium covers, what?
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The whole muscle, under the fascia, extends to become aponeurosis
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Endomysium
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Covers the individual microfilament
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Perimysium
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Covers the muscle bundle
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If listed in this order:
1. Muscle Fiber 2. Myofibril 3. Myofilament They are in what order? |
Largest to smallest
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Head and face muscles control what?
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chewing, talking, swallowing, facial expressions and blinking
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Neck muscles control
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moving the head side to side, from front to back, and in rotation
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Back muscles allow
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the body to bend, turn and stand erect
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Chest muscles assist
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in respiration and movements of the neck, arms and trunk
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What 3 things do the abdominal muscles do?
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1. Breath
2. Deficate 3. Childbirth |
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Perineal muscles function to
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assist in defecation and urination and form the floor of the pelvic cavity
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What does the frontalis muscles do?
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Wrinkles the forehead
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What does the Temporalis muscle do?
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helps close the mandible (jaw)
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What do the orbicularis oculi do?
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Close the eyelids
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What do the orbicularis oris do?
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Draw lips together, kissing
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What does the buccinator do?
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Moves the lips for blowing, whistling, and smiling
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Masseter (strongest muscle with 150lbs of pressure) does what?
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Closes the jaw as in chewing
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The Trapezius does 4 things, what are they?
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1. Moves the shoulders by raising
2. Assists in moving the head to one side or the other 3. Hyperextends the head 4. Helps hold head erect |
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The Sternocleidomastoid muscle (STM) does 3 things, what are they?
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1. Rotates the head from side to side
2. Flexes vertebral column to bow head 3. Helps hold head erect |
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What does the platysma do?
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Wrinkles the neck skin and depresses the mandible
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What does the deltoid do?
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Moves the upper arm at the shoulder
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What does the pectoralis major do?
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Flexes upper arm, adducts the upper arm, and draws arm across the chest
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What does the serratus anterior do?
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Rotates the scapula and raises the shoulder as in full flexion and abduction of the arm
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What do the intercostal muscles do?
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Elevate and depress the ribs assisting in breathing
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What do the Latissimus Dorsi do?
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Bring the arms down forcefully
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What is the Diaphragm for?
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Contracts and relaxes to cause inhalation and exhalation
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Three muscles compress the abdomen and rotate the trunk laterally, which ones are they?
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external and internal oblique and transverse abdominus
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The ________ ________ compresses the abdomen, rotates the trunk laterally, AND flexes the trunk.
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Rectus Abdominus
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The levator ani does what?
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Forms the floor of the pelvic cavity and supports the organs
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The deep transverse perinei does what?
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forms the floor of the pelvic cavity
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The Biceps Brachii do what?
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Flex the upper arm when the hand is supinated
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The Triceps brachii do what?
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extend the upper arm
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Brachialis and brachioradialis muscles do what?
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flex the forearm
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What do the Carpi muscles do?
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Control hand movements
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What is the function of the Digitorum muscles?
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to control finger movement
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The thumb is controlled by what muscle?
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Pollicis
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Gluteus Maximus
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Helps maintain an erect posture and extends and rotates the thigh
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Gluteus Medius
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Abducts the thigh, rotates the thigh outward, and stabilizes the pelvis
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Gluteus Minimus
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Abducts the thigh, rotates the thigh outward, stabilizes the pelvis and extends the thigh
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Sartorius
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aDDucts and flexes the thigh and rotates it laterally
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Quadriceps femoris
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$ heads, extends the leg and flexes the thigh
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ADDuctor
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Presses the thighs together
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Hamstrings
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Flexes the lower leg from the knee
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Gastrocnemius
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Extends the foot
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Tibialis anterior
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flexes the foot and inverts the ankle
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Peroneus Longus
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everts the ankle
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Soleus
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inverts the ankle
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Flexor digitorum
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flexes the toes
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Extensor digitorum
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extends the toes
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Isotonic contraction
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Muscle becomes shorter and thicker like in lifting weights
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Isometric contraction
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muscle contraction remains constant while tension against it increases--like yoga
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