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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a technique of scrunching dominant chords used by Domenico Scarlatti
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acciaccatura affect
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the opening, incomplete sounding phrase of a melody; often followed by a consequent phrase that brings closure to the melody
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antecedent
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a traditional, usually strophic, song that tells a lengthy story
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ballad
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a structure consisting of two complementary parts, the first moving to a closely related key, and the second beginning in the new key but soon returning to tonic
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binary form
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an adult male singer who had been castrated as a boy to keep his voice from changing so that it would remain in the soprano or alto register
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castrato
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the musical section appended to a piece to add extra weight to the end to give it a feeling of conclusion
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coda
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an aria in 2 sections with an obligatory return to and repeat of the first (hence ABA); the reprise was not written out but signaled by the inscription "da capo" meaning to "take it from the top"
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da capo aria
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in sonata form, the middle most section in which the themes of the exposition are varied or developed in some fashion: it is often the most confrontational and unstable portion of the movement
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development
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a passage in a musical work occurring between other passages that have more central thematic importance (as in rondo form); in a fugue, a section full of modulation and free counterpoint that is based on motives derived from the subject
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episode
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in sonata form the first main section in which the primary thematic material of the movement is presented or exposed; of a fugue. an opening section in which each voice presents the subject in turn
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exposition
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french term used by music historians (rather than "enlightenment style") to describe eighteenth century music that is grateful, light in texture, and generally symmetrical in melodic structure
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galant style
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a philosophical, scientific, and politcal movement that dominated eighteenth century thought
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enlightenment
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a technique used in keyboard playing in which the left hand must cross over the right to create an exciting three level texture.
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hand crossings
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a musical diversion between the acts of an opera or a play
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intermezzo
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chief of music at court; the german equivalent of maestro di cappella (chapel master) in Italy
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kapellmeister
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(the war of the buffoons) a paper war over the relative merits of italian and french musical style; it raged, on and off, for several years in paris during the 1750s and centered on the question of what sort of opera was appropriate for the french stage
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la guerre des bouffons
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a triadic theme that bursts forth as a rising arpeggio; another specialty of the highly disciplined orchestra at the court of mannheim
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mannheim rocket
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a gradual increase from very soft to very loud with a repeating figure over a pedal point
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mannheim steamroller
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leading lady
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prima donna
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in sonata form, the return of the first theme and the tonic key and following the development; although essentially a revisiting of previous material it is usually by no means an exact repeat
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recapitulation
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first created in the 1760's by christoph willibald gluck and ranieri calzabigi in an attempt to combine the best features of the italian and french operatic traditions, to yoke italian lyricism to the french concern for dramatic expression
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reform opera
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in sonata form, the point near the end of the development here tonal stability returns, often in the form of a dominant pedal point, in preparation for the return of the first theme (in the tonic key) and the beginning of the recapitulation
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retransition
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a return or refrain
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ritornello
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one of the main musical forms of the classical period; a classical rondo sets a refrain (a) against contrasting material (b,c, or d) to create a pattern such as ABACA, ABACABA, or even ABACADA; it usually projects a playful, exuberant mood, and is often used as the last movement of a sonata or symphony, to bid a happy farewell to the audience
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rondo
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George Frederick Handel's London opera company started in 1719; a publicly held stock company, its principal investor being the king
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Royal Academy of Music
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a three section or three movement instrumental work that might preface an opera or stand alone as an independent concert symphony
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sinfonia
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the most important formal innovation of the Classical period, used by composers most often when writing a fast first movement of a sonata, quartet, or symphony; an expansion of rounded binary form, it consists of an exposition, development, and recapitulation, with optional introduction and coda
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sonata form
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in sonata form the passage of modulation between the tonic and the new
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transition
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