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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Kinetic chain
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The equation for movement; the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems which is responsible for movement
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Nervous system
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The communication network within the body that allows us to gather information about our internal and external environments, process and interpret the information, and then respond to it
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Sensory function
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The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
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Integrative function
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The function of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making which produces the appropriate response
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Motor function
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The neuro-muscular response to the sensory information
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Functions of the nervous system
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Sensory, integrative, motor
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Neuron
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The functional unit of the nervous system
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Main parts of a neuron
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Cell body, axon, dendrites
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Neuronal cell body (soma)
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Contains nucleus and other organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex
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Axon
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A cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other neurons or effector sites (muscles, organs)
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Dendrites
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The branched projections of a neuronal cell body that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron
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Functional classifications of neurons
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Sensory (afferent), interneuronal, motor (efferent)
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
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Neurons which transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as muscles and organs via receptors to the (CNS) brain and spinal cord
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Interneurons
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Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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Type of neurons which transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the effector sites such as muscles or glands
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Divisions of nervous system
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Central nervous system CNS and peripheral nervous system PNS
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Central nervous system- CNS
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The brain and spinal cord, interprets information
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Cervical nerves, C1-8
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8 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge above the top vertebra except 8 which is below
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Thoracic nerves, T1-12
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12 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge below the midsection vertebra
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Lumbar nerves, L1-5
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5 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge below lower vertebra
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Sacral nerves, S1-5
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5 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge below lowest vertebra
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Coccygeal nerves
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1 pair of CNS nerves which emerges at the bottom of the spinal column
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Peripheral nervous system- PNS
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Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, & sensory receptors which carry impulses from the brain and spinal column to effector sites such as muscles (motor function) and from effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors (sensory function)
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Sensory receptors- function
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Special structures located throughout the body that transform environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord can then interpret to produce a response
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Types of sensory receptors
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Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, & others
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Mechanoreceptors
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Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical forces sensing tissue distortion through stretch, compression, traction, or tension
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Mechanoreceptors- types & location
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Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs (GTO) and joint receptors located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules
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Muscle spindles
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The major PNS sensory organs of the muscle which sit parallel to the muscle fibers and sense changes in length and rate of change; when excited, prevents muscle injury due to stretching too far or too fast by contracting the muscle
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Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
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Mechanoreceptors located where muscle and tendon meet (musculotendinous junction) and sense muscular tension and rate of tension change; when excited, prevents muscle injury due to excessive stress by relaxing the muscle
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Joint receptors
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PNS sensory organs located in and around the joint capsule which respond to pressure and acceleration/deceleration of the joint to prevent injury by signaling extreme joint positions; can initiate reflexive inhibitory response in surrounding muscles if excess stress
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Skeletal system
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The body's framework for structure and movement composed of bones and joints
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Bones- basic functions
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Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection for vital organs
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Bones- functions for movement
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Provide leverage when acted upon by muscles and provide support (posture) necessary for the efficient distribution of forces acting on the body
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Roughly 206, 177 of which are involved in voluntary movement
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Number of bones
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Joints
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More than 300 junctions where two or more bones meet; movement occurs at some joints due to muscle contraction
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Axial skeleton
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Approximately 80 bones which include the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
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Appendicular skeleton
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Approximately 126 bones which include the upper and lower extremities and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
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Divisions of the skeletal system
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Axial and appendicular skeletons
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Bone markings
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Depressions and processes; structures for increasing joint stability and providing attachment sites for muscles
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Depressions
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Flattened or indented portions of the bone
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Processes
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Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach
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Arthrokinematics
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Joint motion
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Major joint motions
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Roll, slide, spin
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Synovial joints
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Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body, 80% of joints, loosely held
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Synovial fluid
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Resembles egg whites and lubricates joints
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Types of synovial joints
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Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, ball & socket
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Gliding joint
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Simplest synovial joint, just moves back & forth, carpals of hand
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Condyloid joint
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Synovial joint with sagittal flexion/extension and minimal rotation & ad/abduction, wrist & knee
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Hinge joint
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Synovial joint that's uniaxial in sagittal plane, elbow, interphalageal, ankle
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Saddle joint
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Synovial joint that flex/extends sagitally, ab/adducts frontally, and has some rotation; only in thumb
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Pivot joint
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Synovial joint that rotates, supinates, pronates in transverse plane, base of skull & radioulnar
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Ball-and-socket joint
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Most mobile synovial joint, movement in 3 planes, shoulder & hip
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Non-synovial joints
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Joints with no joint cavity and little or no movement, skull
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Ligaments
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Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system (proprioception), guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement, made of collagen and elastin
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Collagen
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Primary protein fibers of ligaments, situated parallel to forces, provides tensile strength
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Elastin
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Secondary protein fibers of ligaments, provides flexibility, amounts in different ligaments varies making some ligaments more flexible than others
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Ligament and tendon healing
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Structures with poor vascularity (blood supply) so that they heal and adapt slowly
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Main types of bones
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Long, short, flat, irregular
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Pectoral girdle
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Complex of 5 joints that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton on both sides and includes the clavicle and scapula
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Clavicle
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Collarbone, only horizontal long bone, connects scapula to sternum
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Scapula
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Flat triangular bone that connects the humerus to the clavicle
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Humerus
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Long bone of upper arm that connects the scapula with the elbow (radius & ulna)
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Ulna
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Larger and longer of 2 long bones of the forearm, primary bone of elbow, pinky side, corresponds to fibula of lower leg
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Radius
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Smaller and shorter of 2 long bones of the forearm, primary bone of the wrist, thumb side, corresponds to tibia of lower leg
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Carpus, tarsus
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The sole cluster of bones in the wrist/foot between the radius/ulna:tibia/fibula and the fingers/toes
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Metacarpals/tarsals
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Bones in the hand/foot connecting the carpus/tarsus to the phalanges
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Phalanges
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Bones of the fingers and toes
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Pelvic girdle
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The 2 hip bones which attach to the sacrum & coccyx, connects the spine with the femur via the hip joint
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Sacrum
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Large triangular bone at the base of the spine which connects to the hip bones and coccyx to form the pelvic girdle
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Coccyx
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Tailbone, final segment of the vertebral column, below the sacrum
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Femur
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Thigh bone, longest and largest bone of the body
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Tibia
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Shinbone, 2nd largest bone in body, strongest weight-bearing bone
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Fibula
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Calf bone, the thinnest long bone
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Vertebral column
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Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
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Thoracic (rib) cage
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Sternum, 24 ribs, 24 costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebra
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Upper limb
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Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
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Lower limb
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Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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Patella
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The knee cap; a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint
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Skeletal muscle system
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Series of muscles directed by the nervous system that move and stabilize the skeleton
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Fascia
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Layer of fibrous tissue composed of collagen that surrounds muscles, muscle groups, blood vessels, & nerves, binding them together; helps to form tendon and connects muscle to muscle
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Epimysium
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A layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle just inside the fascia; also helps to form tendon
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Fascicle
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A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue called the perimysium
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Perimysium
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Connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle
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Endomysium
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Connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber
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Tendons
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Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force; also have poor vascularity
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Sarcomere
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The functional unit of muscle (like neuron to nervous system) that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin ending at Z lines
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Sarcolemma
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Plasma membrane that encases a muscle fiber
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Muscle fibers
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Encased by sarcolemma; contain sarcoplasm (glycogen, fats, minerals), nuclei, mitochondria, & myofibrils
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Myofibrils
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Contain myofilaments, the contractile components of muscle tissue, which form a number of repeating segments (sarcomeres) within it
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Myofilaments
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The contractile components of muscle tissue, actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
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Z lines
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Dark colored lines/discs that delimit a sarcomere
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Neural activation
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The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
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Motor unit
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The motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
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Neuromuscular junction
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The point at which a motor neuron attaches to an individual muscle fiber
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Synapse
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A small gap between a nerve and a muscle fiber
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Action potentials
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Electrical impulses which are transported from the CNS down the axon of the neuron to the axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released initiating the contraction
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ACh, Acetylcholine
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The neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system which stimulates the muscle fibers to contract
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Sliding filament theory
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Proposed process of how the sarcomeres shorten due to actin and myosin filaments pulling together
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Excitation-contraction coupling
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The combination of neural activation and sliding filament to create muscle contraction
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Type I fibers
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Slow twitch muscle fibers containing myoglobin, a red pigment, so also called red fibers
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Type I/ Slow twitch fibers function
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Smaller diameter fibers, slower to produce maximal tension, more resistant to fatigue; important for muscles producing long-term contractions necessary for stabilization and postural control
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Type II fibers
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Fast twitch fibers, contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, & myoglobin than slow twitch, divided into (red ) A (red) and (white) B & X types
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Type II/Fast twitch fibers function
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Muscle fibers which are larger in size, produce maximal tension, and fatigue more quickly; produce short-term contractions more important for movements requiring force and power
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Agonist
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Prime mover muscle
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Synergists
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Muscles which assist the prime mover muscle
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Stabilizers
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Muscles which aid the prime mover and synergist muscles
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Antagonist
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Muscle which opposes prime mover
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Actin
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Thin myofilament
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Myosin
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Thick myofilament
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