Natural Hazards

1. Friction

2. Asteroid Bombardment

3. Tidal Forces

4. Radioactivity

A sudden shaking of the ground caused by movements of Earth's crust

Energy released by an earthquake that travels through Earth's interior as a wave

Core, the mantle, the lithosphere

The innermost layer of Earth, composed of solid iron and nickel

The second innermost layer of Earth, composed of a liquid alloy of iron and nickel, which generates Earth's magnetic field.

The layer of heated and slowly deforming solid rock between the base of the crust and the outer core.

The layer of the mantle, which deforms and flows, found between about 100 and 200 km in depth

The layer of Earth that consists of the rigid crust and the rigid lithospheric mantle beneath it, extending to a depth of about 100km

The outer edge of the magnetic field that surrounds Earth and shields it from the solar wind

The crust that makes up the continents, composed mainly of granite

A silica-rich rock composed of coarse grains

The crust beneath the oceans, composed mainly of basalt

A dark, heavy, fine-grained volcanic rock that constitutes oceanic crust

Melted rock that is below the surface of Earth's crust

Hot molten rock that spills onto the surface of Earth's crust

The boundary that separates the crust from the lithospheric mantle, which lies about 35km deep on average

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speed of a plate in relation to the speed of another plate in relation to the speed of another plate

Speed of a plate in relation to a fixed object, such as the center of the earth

It is a unifying theory that gathers together unrelated phenomena and puts them together under the same umbrella of explanation

Divergent

Convergent

Transform

A region where two lithospheric plates move apart

A region where two lithospheric plates move towards each other

A plate boundary where one lithospheric plate slips laterally past another

A region where continental crust is stretching and splitting

A linear valley with volcanoes formed by rifting of continental crust, sometimes filled with freshwater to form a deep lake

a submarine mountain range

A solid mass composed of minerals or volcanic glass

An accumulation of small fragments of rock and organic material that is not cemented together

An exposed area of bedrock

Rock that has cooled from magma or lava

rock formed from compacted and cemented sediments

Rock formed by heat and pressure applied to preexisting rock

A model of the processes by which rocks form, are transformed from one type to another, and are recycled into the mantle.

The formation of sedimentary rock through compaction and cementation of loose sediments

The process in which oceanic lithosphere bends and dives into the mantle beneath another lithospheric plate

A sloping pattern of increasingly deep earthquake foci found in a subduction zone

A long chain of volcanoes formed on the margin of a continent above a sub ducting plate

A chain of islands formed where oceanic lithosphere of one plate is subducting beneath oceanic lithosphere of another plate

a folded and rumpled pile of sediments and rocks formed from sediments

A zone of vocalically active mountain chains resulting from subduction on the margins of the Pacific Ocean

Convergence of the continental crust of two different plates

A mass of crust that is transported by plate movement and fused onto the margin of a continent

hazards presented to people by the physical Earth.

A volcano that has erupted during the last 10,000 years and is likely to erupt again

A volcano that has not erupted for tens of thousands of years and can never erupt again

A large, potentially explosive cone-shaped volcano composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclast

Any fragment of solid material that is ejected from a volcano, ranging in size from ash to large boulders

Fine volcanic powder consisting of pulverized rock particles and solidified droplets of lava

A broad, domed volcano formed from many layers basaltic lava

A small, cone-shaped volcano consisting of pyroclasts that settle at the angle of repose

The steepest angle at which loose sediments can settle

Stratovolcanoes

Shield volcanoes

Cinder Cones

Stratovolcanoes

Tensional force/normal

Compressional force/reverse

Shearing force/strike-slip

The result of tensional force as two fault blocks move apart, causing one fault block to slip downward in relation to the other fault block

The result of compressional force as two fault blocks are pushed together, causing one block to move upward in relation to another block

The result of shearing force as one block moves horizontally in relation to another block

A cliff face resulting from the vertical movement of a reverse or normal fault

strike-slip fault

The location of initial movement along a fault during an earthquake

The location on the ground's surface immediately above the focus of an earthquake, where earthquake intensity is usually greatest

A small earthquake that follows the main earthquake

plate boundaries where most earthquakes occur

An instrument used to detect, measure, and record ground shaking

Compressional waves that travel through the crust's surface creating vertical crust movement

Shear waves that travel through the crust's surface creating horizontal, side-to-side crust movement

R Waves & L Waves

P Waves & S Waves

(Primary waves) Compressional waves that travel through Earth's interior

(Secondary waves) Shear waves that travel through Earth's interior

the amount of damage an earthquake causes to physical structures

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

An earthquake ranking system based on the damage done to structures

magnitude

distance from its focus

composition of the ground

intensity and magnitude

P Waves, S Waves, then L & R waves

The transformation of solid sediments into an unstable slurry as a result of ground shaking during an earthquake

An earthquake ranking system based on the amount of ground movement produced

Ground shaking: whole number x 10. Example 5 is 10 times more intense than 4

Energy released: whole number x 32. 3 = 32x32x32

No. Precise location and timing are largely random

Seismic probability

Types of faults present

Active fault history

# of people in area