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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are glycoproteins (antibodies) that are found in blood serum and synthesized by plasma cells in the spleen and lymph nodes in response to the detection of a foreign antigen?
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Immunoglobulins
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What do immunoglobulins mediate?
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anaphylaxis, atopic allergies, serum sickness, and arthus reactions
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What are the two roles of immunoglobulins?
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1. Plasma mem. bound antigen receptors on B-cell surface
2. Free antibodies that intercept and eliminate antigenic determinants |
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Antibody function is related to its _____.
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Structure
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What are the four polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins?
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2 light chains (lambda / kappa)
2 heavy chains (alpha, delta, gamma, epsilon, or mu) |
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What determines an immunoglobulin isotype?
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The type of heavy chain
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What are the immunoglobulin isotypes?
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IgA
IgD IgG IgE IgM |
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How many amino acids are present in heavy chains of immunoglobulins?
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440-550
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How many amino acids are present in light chains of immunoglobulins?
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220
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The most abundant immunoglobulin; present in blood and extravascular fluids; only one which crossesthe placenta; main defense against various pathogenic organisms.
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IgG
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Second most abundant immunoglobulin; occurs in body secretions and protects surface tissues; synthesized by plasma cells in mucous membranes of the GI, respiratory, and urinary tracts; in body secretions it exists as a dimer, in plasma it exists as a monomer.
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IgA
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Makes up less than 1% of immunoglobulins; present on membrane of many circulating B-Cells; function is unknown or not fully understood.
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IgD
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Largest immunoglobulin; first antibody produced in response to infection; powerful activator of the complement system;secreted as a pentamer
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IgM
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Present in only trace amounts in Serum; reagenic activity resides in this immunoglobulin; protects external mucosal surfaces; tightly bound to its receptors on mast cells and basophils; responsible for type I hypersensitivity reactions (Allergic and Anaphylatic)
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IgE
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A severe condition that occurs suddenly in an allergic individual exposed to an antigen. May occur within seconds or minutes after exposure.
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Severe anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)
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What are the first symptoms of Anaphylaxis?
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Anxiety
weakness sweating shortness of breath generalized urticaria |
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What usually causes death from anaphylaxis?
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constriction of the bronchioles and drop in blood pressure
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What are diverse and potent chemical messengers?
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cytokines
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What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis caused by?
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Drug (allergen) reacting with IgE --> activates mast cells to release cytokines
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What is the immediate treatment for anaphylactic shock when the patient is concious?
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Injection of epinephrine IM or subcutaneously
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What is the immediate treatment for anaphylactic shock when the patient is unconcious?
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IV injection of epinephrine
maintain airway (ABC's of CPR) |
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What does epinephrine do?
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Opens the airways and raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels
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After lifesaving measures are given to a patient in anaphylactic shock what else may be given to the patient to further reduce symptoms?
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Antihistamines and corticosteriods
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What are B-cells responsible for?
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Humoral immunity
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What is hummoral immunity also called?
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Anti-body immunity-mediated immunity
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What do B-cells have that co-insides with T-cells?
What does not coincide with the T-cells? |
Surface receptors that recognizes antigen
Do not interact to neutralize or destroy the antigen themselves |
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On recognition of an antigen where does a B-Cell take up residence?
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Secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph node or spleen)
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What do B-cells differentiate into upon recognition of an antigen?
What helps them to do this? |
Activated plasma cell or memory B-cell
T-helper cells |
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What do the plasma cells made from B-cells do after differentiation?
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Short lived
produce antibodies and release them into circulation at lymph nodes |
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What do memory B-cells do after differentiation?
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Produce smaller amounts of antibody long after the infection has been overcome
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What are the five classes of antibodies?
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The five subtypes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD)
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What is the key to humoral immunity?
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The ability of antibodies to react specifically with antigens.
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What type of protection does Humoral immunity provide?
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Protection against encapsulated bacteria
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Immunity mediated by T-lymphocytes either through release of lymphokines or through exertion of direct cytotoxicity, transmissable by transfer of lymphoctes but not serum.
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Cellular immunity
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What type of reactions comprises cellular immunity?
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Delayed hypersensitivity
Systemic response to viral and microbial infections Contact dermatitis Granulomatous reactions Allograft rejection Graft-versus-host reactions |
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What does cellular immunity react against?
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Most intracellular pathogens (bacteria and viruses)
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What is the main function of the immune system?
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Limit infection from bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites
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Protection for the body is provided for by mainly what two arms of the immune system?
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Cell mediated (T-cells)
Antibody mediated (B-cells / humoral) |
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What are the other major components of the immune system besides cell and antibody mediated?
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Complement and phagocytes
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What is the most potent anaphylatoxin?
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C5a
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What is a fragment of the complement system that promotes acute inflammation by binding to specific cell surface receptors.
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Anaphylatoxin (C3a, C4a, C5a)
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What do anaphylatoxins do?
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Stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis
Activate degranulation of mast cells / basophils |
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Where is the mechanism using anaphylatoxins most useful?
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Important in all inflammation
esp. defense against parasites |
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How much more effective is C5a than C4a and C3a?
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C5a 100x > C3a
C5a 1000x > C4a |
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What do anaphylatoxins indirectly mediate?
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Spasms of smooth muscle cells
increased permeability blood cap. Chemotaxis |
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Receptor-mediated movement of leukocytes in the direction of the increasing concentration of anaphylatoxins
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Chemotaxis
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What happens if degranulation of mast cells or basophils is too strong?
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Results in allergic reactions
Anaphylaxis caused by complement less common than that caused by IgE mediated |
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The binding of complement as a result of its interaction with immune complexes (classical path) or particular surfaces (alternative path).
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Complement fixation
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What kind of tests is complement fixation used in?
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diagnostic tests like Wassermann test (syphilis)
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What do the diagnostic tests that use complement fixation test for?
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The presence of a specific antigen or antibody
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What do atopic allergies result from?
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Localized expression of type I hypersensitivity
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What causes a type I hypersensitivity reaction in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and conjunctival tissues?
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Interactions of antigens (allergens) with cell-bound IgE
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Type of allergy where heredity plays an important role. Genetically programmed to produce an abundance of IgE antibodies.
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Atopic allergy
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What does the IgE's of an atopic individual react with in order to Illicit a reaction?
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Pollen, molds, household dust, ect.
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What is the genetic possibilities of a child gaining allergies?
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30% on parent
60% both parents Can jump a generation |
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Known as hay fever and takes place when allergen interacts with sensitized cells of the upper respiratory tract.
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Allergic Rhinitis
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What are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
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Coughing
Sneezing congestion tearing eyes respiratory difficulties |
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What is the primary mediator of allergic rhinitis?
Where does it come from? |
Histamine
Sensitized mast cells and basophils |
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Allergic reaction primarily affecting the lower respiratory tract. Common in children and characterized by shortness of breath and wheezing.
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Allergic Asthma
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What do specific IgE antibodies and nonspecific irritants do in allergic reactions?
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Provoke Mast cell degranulation
Histamine/leukotrine (SRS-As) release |
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what do allergic mediators do?
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When released they cause bronchospasms and bronchial mucous secretions
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What is commonly referred to as eczema, a chronic skin disorder categorized by scaly and itching rashes
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Atopic dermatitis
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Eczema is most common in who?
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infants
At least half at 36 months |
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What test is most frequently employed for the microscopic detection of antigens in tissue secretions or in cell suspensions?
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Immunofluorescence (fluorescent antibody)
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What is done in Immunofluorescence ?
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Fluorescent dyes covalently attached to antibody molecules and made visible by UV light to identify antigens on bacteria
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Test used for the quantification of antigens or haptens that can be radioactively labeled
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Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
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Test used fro the quantification of either antigens or antibodies in patient specimens
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enzyme-linked-immunosorbantassay
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What is the antigen in a precipitation test?
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Solution
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What test has the antibody crosslink antigen molecules in variable proportions and aggregates their form.
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Precipitation
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What test uses the antigen as a particulate?
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Agglutination
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A test where the antibody because it is divalent or multivalent cross links the antigenically multivalent particles and forms a latticework, and clumping can be seen.
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Agglutination
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What is it called if antigens are located on the surface of red blood cells and the addition of antibody leads to the clumping of the cells?
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Hemagglutination
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What is hemagglutination a key of?
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Blood Typing
Distinguishing the presence of Type A or Type B |
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What can defects in the complement system lead to?
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Impaired elimination of microbial antigen and circuating immune complexes
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What does complement play an important role in?
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Host defense against infectious agents and inflammatory process
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What consists of about twenty plasma proteins that function as enzymes and binding proteins?
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Complement proteins (C1, C2, C3, ect.)
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Includes multiple distinct cell surface receptors that exhibit specificity for the physiological fragments of _____ proteins that occur on inflammatory cells and cells of the immune system.
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Complement System
Complement |
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Complement activation is a feature of what?
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Type III hypersensitivity reactions
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What are the three pathways of complement activation?
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Classical
Alternative Lectin |
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Pathway activated by certain antibody isotypes (antigen bound IgG or IgM) binding to _____.
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Classical complement pathway
C1 |
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Pathway activated by _____ binding to microbial cell surfaces.
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Alternative Complement pathway
C3 |
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Pathway which is activated by plasma _____ which binds to mannose residues on bacterial cells
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Lectin complement pathway
lectin |
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What pathways are activated in an antibody independent fashion and appear to be of major importance in host defense against invading microorganisms?
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Alternative and Lectin Pathways
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What do all three complement pathways result in?
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Production of C3 convertase
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What two things combine to stabilize the alternative pathway C3 convertase?
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Properdin and C3b
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What does C3 convertase initiate?
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Activation of late complement complex resulting in:
Membrane attack complex (MAC) Lysis of cell |
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Lysis of bacteria or of cells such as tumor or red blood cells by insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC)
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Cytolysis
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What are the three proteins that C1 is composed of?
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C1q
C1r C1s |
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What is required for activation of C1?
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Calcium
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What does passive immunization provide?
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Immediate protection
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How does acquired immunity occur?
Can it be active or passive? |
Naturally and Artificially
Can be both active or passive |
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A person is exposed to an antigen and the body produces antibody.
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Natural Active immunity
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Antibodies (IgG) passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy and IgA passed from mother to newborn during breast-feeding.
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Natural Passive Immunity
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When does natural passive immunity end?
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These antibodies disappear between 6 and 12 months
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vacciniation with killed, inactivated or attenuated bacteria or toxoid
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Artificial Active Immunity
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Injection of immune serum or gamma-globulin
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Artificial Passive immunity
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What happens in active immunity?
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Host produces an immune response of antibody and activated helper T-cells.
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What is the main advantage of active immunity?
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Resistance is long term
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What is the main disadvantage of active immunity?
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Slow onset
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What happen in passive immunity?
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Antibodies are preformed in another host. Not permanent and doesn't last long
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A small molecule that is not antigenic by itself, and can react with antibodies is called...
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Hapten
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How do Haptens elicit antibody formation?
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By being covalently bound to a "carrier" protein
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Why are haptens not immunogenic?
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They cannot activate helper T-cells
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What are some examples of haptens?
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Many drugs (ie penicillin)
The catechol in plant oils that cause poison oak |
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Antibody production involves activation of what?
By What? |
B-Cells
Hapten and helper T-cells of the carrier |
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Any substance that can specifically bind antibodies or the T-cell antigen receptor.
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Antigen
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Antigens that can stimulate an immune response.
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Immunogens
All immunogens are antigens Not all antigens are immunogens |
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Only _____ are recognized by T-Cells.
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peptides
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What has to happen for antigens to be immunogenic?
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Must be foreign
High MW Chemically complex *Interacts with host MHC (major histolocompatibility complex) * T-Cell antigens |
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The specific potion of an antigen to which the antibody binds.
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Epitope
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Extrachromosomal genetic structures that can replicate independently within a bacterial cell. These molecules of DNA are separate from the bacterial chromosomes and determines traits not essential for the viability of the organism but in some way change the organisms ability to adapt.
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Plasmids
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What is an example of a plasmid?
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R (resistance) factor
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Most antibiotic resistance in bacteria is caused by genes that are carried on _____.
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Plasmids
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Extrachromosomal genetic structures that can replicate independently within a bacterial cell. These molecules of DNA are separate from the bacterial chromosomes and determines traits not essential for the viability of the organism but in some way change the organisms ability to adapt.
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Plasmids
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Natural immunity (innate immunity) is resistance...
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Acquired through contact with an antigen
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Immunity that occurs naturally as a result of a person's genetic constitution or physiology and does not arise from a previous infectionor vaccination.
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Natural/ Innate immunity
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What is an example of innate immunity?
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Phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils and macrophages
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Natural immunity is _____.
Acquired immunity is _____. |
Nonspecific
Specific |
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What is an example of a plasmid?
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R (resistance) factor
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What improves after repeated exposure to an organism?
Natural/Acquired |
Acquired
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What has processes with no memory?
Natural/Acquired |
Natural
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Most antibiotic resistance in bacteria is caused by genes that are carried on _____.
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Plasmids
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Natural immunity (innate immunity) is resistance...
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Acquired through contact with an antigen
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Where are complement proteins mainly synthesized?
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Liver
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Immunity that occurs naturally as a result of a person's genetic constitution or physiology and does not arise from a previous infectionor vaccination.
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Natural/ Innate immunity
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What is an example of innate immunity?
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Phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils and macrophages
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Natural immunity is _____.
Acquired immunity is _____. |
Nonspecific
Specific |
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What improves after repeated exposure to an organism?
Natural/Acquired |
Acquired
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What has processes with no memory?
Natural/Acquired |
Natural
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Where are complement proteins mainly synthesized?
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Liver
Some macrophges C1 in GI epithelium |
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What are the two parts to the immune system?
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Cells and Soluble substances
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What are the major cells of the immune system?
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WBC (macrophages, neutorphils, lymphocytes)
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molecules that are not contained in cells but are dissolved in a liquid, such as plasma
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Soluble Substances
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What are the major soluble substances of the immune system?
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Antibodies
Complement Proteins Cytokines |
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What do the soluble substances of the immune system act as?
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Messengers to attract and activate other cells
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Functions to destroy foreign substances either directly or in conjunction with other components of the immune system.
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Complement system
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the end product of activation of the complement cascade.
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Membrane attack complex
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What does the membrane attack complex contain?
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C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
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What does the membrane attack complex do essentially?
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Makes holes in membranes of gram-negative bacteria killing them.
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Group of compounds derived from unsaturated fatty acids which are extremely potent mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation are called...
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Leukotrienes
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Leukotrienes are biologically active compounds formed from _____ _____ and other poly unsaturated fatty acids.
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Arachidonic acid
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Once arachidonic acid is generated what are the two pathways in which it is metabolized through?
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Cyclooxygenation
Lipooxygenation |
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What does cycoloxygenation produce?
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prostaglandins and thromboxanes
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What does lipooxygenation produce?
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Leukotrienes as well as HETEs and diHETEs
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What leukotrienes are collectively known as the slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-As) and are responsible for the development of much of the clinical symptomatology associated with allergic type reactions?
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C4, D4, E4
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How much more potent is a Leukotriene in constricting Bronchi when compared to histamine or prostaglandin?
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100 to 1,000 times more potent
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What are the most important products released from mast cells which causes spasm of the bronchiolar smooth muscle?
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SRS-As
Asthma allergen |
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what is responsible for the principal symptoms of anaphylaxis?
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Histamine
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What is the predominant antibody in external secretions (Saliva, tears, breast milk)?
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IgA
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Group of compounds derived from unsaturated fatty acids which are extremely potent mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation are called...
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Leukotrienes
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Leukotrienes are biologically active compounds formed from _____ _____ and other poly unsaturated fatty acids.
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Arachidonic acid
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Once arachidonic acid is generated what are the two pathways in which it is metabolized through?
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Cyclooxygenation
Lipooxygenation |
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What does cycoloxygenation produce?
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prostaglandins and thromboxanes
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What does lipooxygenation produce?
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Leukotrienes as well as HETEs and diHETEs
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What leukotrienes are collectively known as the slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-As) and are responsible for the development of much of the clinical symptomatology associated with allergic type reactions?
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C4, D4, E4
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How much more potent is a Leukotriene in constricting Bronchi when compared to histamine or prostaglandin?
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100 to 1,000 times more potent
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What are the most important products released from mast cells which causes spasm of the bronchiolar smooth muscle?
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SRS-As
Asthma allergen |
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what is responsible for the principal symptoms of anaphylaxis?
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Histamine
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What is the predominant antibody in external secretions (Saliva, tears, breast milk)?
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IgA
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What are the components of polymeric IgA?
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2 monomers linked by 2 polypeptides
J chain (joining), amd secretory component |
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What protects sIgA from hydrolysis by microbial proteolytic enzymes and keeps it on the mucosal surface by binding to mucus?
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Secretory component of IgA
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What is the primary function of IgA?
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To collect microorganisms and prevent their colonization
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Where does monomeric IgA exist?
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In serum
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Where does IgA play an important role in protecting surface tissues against invasion by pathogenic microorganisms?
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respiratory, GI, and urinary tracts
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What provides the primary defense at mucosal surfaces such as bronchioles, nasal mucosa, vagina, prostate, and intestine?
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IgA
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IgA is one of the most prevalent _____ _____.
What is it second to? |
Humoral antibodies
IgG |
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What is the predominant immunoglobulin in the primary humoral immune response?
Followed by? |
IgM
IgG |
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What is the predominant immunogobulin in the secondary humoral immune response after a booster shot?
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Predominantly IgG over IgM
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What immunoglobulin is present in abundance as the severity of an infection is increased?
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IgG
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What are the components of polymeric IgA?
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2 monomers linked by 2 polypeptides
J chain (joining), amd secretory component |
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What protects sIgA from hydrolysis by microbial proteolytic enzymes and keeps it on the mucosal surface by binding to mucus?
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Secretory component of IgA
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What is the primary function of IgA?
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To collect microorganisms and prevent their colonization
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Where does monomeric IgA exist?
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In serum
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Where does IgA play an important role in protecting surface tissues against invasion by pathogenic microorganisms?
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respiratory, GI, and urinary tracts
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What provides the primary defense at mucosal surfaces such as bronchioles, nasal mucosa, vagina, prostate, and intestine?
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IgA
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IgA is one of the most prevalent _____ _____.
What is it second to? |
Humoral antibodies
IgG |
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What is the predominant immunoglobulin in the primary humoral immune response?
Followed by? |
IgM
IgG |
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What is the predominant immunogobulin in the secondary humoral immune response after a booster shot?
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Predominantly IgG over IgM
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What immunoglobulin is present in abundance as the severity of an infection is increased?
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IgG
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No function is yet known for _____other than as a membrane receptor
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IgD
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What is the immunoglobulin that is responsible for allergic or anaphylactic reactions?
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IgE
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What Blood group has neither antigen A nor B?
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O
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What antibodies can be found in the plasma of type O blood?
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anti-A and anti-B agglutinins
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What antibodies are found in the plasma of type A blood?
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Anti-B agglutinins
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What antibodies are found in the plasma of type B blood?
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Anti-A agglutinins
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What blood type is devoid of antigens?
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AB
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Why does ABO and Rh antigens have to be taken into consideration when doing a blood transfusion for a patient?
|
Incorrectly cross-matched blood will cause agglutination of the donor's erythrocytes
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What type of hypersensitivity is immediate and the anaphylactic type?
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Type I
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What is the immunologic mechanism of type I hypersensitivity?
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IgE antibody mediated mast cell activation
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What are examples of Type I hypersensitivity?
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Atopic allergies
Hay fever Asthma Anaphylaxis |
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What type of hypersensitivity is cytotoxic antibodies?
|
Type II (cytotoxic)
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What is the immunologic mechanism for type II hypersensitivity?
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Cytotoxic (IgG, IgM) antibodiesformed against surface cell antigens.
Complement usually involved |
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What are some examples of Type II hypersensitivity?
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
anti-body dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) Goodpasture disease |
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What type of hypersensitivity is Immune complex disease?
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Type III (Immune complex type)
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What are the immunologic mechanisms of Type III hypersensitivity?
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Antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA) formed against exogenous or endogenous antigens
Complement, leukocytes, macrophages |
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What are some examples of type III hypersensitivity?
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Autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis)
Serum Sickness Arthus' Reaction Most glomerulonephritis |
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What type of hypersensitivity is delayed hypersensitivity?
|
Type IV (cell-mediated type)
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What are the immunologic mechanisms of type IV hypersensitivity?
|
Mononuclear cells (T-cells / macrophages)
Interleukin and lymphokine production |
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What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivity?
|
Contact hypersensitivity
Tuberculin hypersensitivity Granulomatous hypersensitivity |
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Refers to the development of immunological memory via the production of memory cells.
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Anamnestic response
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The components and mechanisms of the immune system are categorized into what two things?
|
innate immune system
adaptive immune system |
|
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Conferred by those mechanisms that are always present and ready to recognize, fight and eradicate microbes by mounting a response.
|
Innate Immunity
|
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what is elicited by a first time encounter with an antigen?
|
innate Immune response
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In innate immune responses exposure to pathogenic antigen leads to what?
|
Immediate response
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What type of immune response produces no anamnestic responses?
|
Innate immune response
|
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What are the humoral components of the innate immune response?
|
Complement
Cytokines (interferons, interleukins, chemokines) Defensins lysozyme |
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What are the cellular components of the innate immune response?
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Macrophages
neutrophils eosinophils natural killer cells (NK) |
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What are the epithelial barriers of the innate immune response?
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Includes unbroken skin and mucous membranes lining the GI tract, resp. tract, genitourinary tract
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What response is found in nearly all forms of life?
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Innate immune response
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Why is the innate immune response important and necessary?
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Buys an organism time to develop adaptive immunity
Establishes local inflammation that serves to recruit phagocytes and activated T and B cells. |
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What immune response has both cellular and humoral components?
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Adaptive Immune response
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What does the initiation of the adaptive immune system rely on?
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The activities of the innate immune system
Supplements protection provided by innate immunity. |
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What response is not activated immediately after exposure to an antigen. Slow response
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Adaptive Immune response
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What response leads to the development of immunological memory; exposure to the same antigen will result in a faster, more intense response.
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Adaptive Immune response
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Adaptation of this type of response mounts a faster, stronger response with subsequent exposure to a particular pathogen.
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Adaptive Immune response
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What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
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Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
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These are membrane glycoproteins that are not secreted by any cell.
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MHC
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Where are the MHC genes located in humans?
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the short arm of chromosome 6
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What are the three subgroups of the MHC?
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Class 1
Class 2 Class 3 |
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These classes of MHC code for membrane glycoproteins
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MHC class I and II
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This class of MHC codes for prteins of the complement system (C2, C4, and factor B)
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Class III
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Primary function is to present antigenic peptides for recognition by T-cells
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MHC Complex
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What does the T-cell do when it comes into contact with the MHC/peptide complex?
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Decides whether a peptide is self or foreign and takes appropriate action.
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What are the two structurally distinct types of MHC molecules?
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MHC class I
MHC class II |
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What are the characteristics of MHC class I ?
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- 1 alpha chain / 1 beta 2-microglobulin chain
- expressed by all nucleated cells - recognized by CD8+ T-cells - Binds/ presents peptides from cytosolic proteins |
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What are the characteristics of MHC class II ?
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- 1 alpha and 1 beta chain
- Expressed only by professional antigen presenting cells (APC), macrophages, and B-cells - recognized by CD4+ T-Cells - Binds and presents peptides derived from endocytosed proteins |
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What are MHC molecules referred to in humans?
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Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
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What is used to match donated tissue/organs/bone marrow with transplant recipients. A mismatch of which results in acute rejection of the transplanted tissue.
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HLA Tissue typing
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