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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most common cause of cancer death in males?
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1)lung
2)prostate 3) colon |
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Most common cause of cancer death in females?
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1) lung
2)breast 3) colon |
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Most common cause of cancer death in all people?
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lung
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Define neoplasm?
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New growth that can be malignant or benign
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What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasm? (3)
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-localization
-surgical removal -mestastasis |
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How do you name a mesenchymal and epithelial benign tumor?
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-oma
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What are polyps and papillomas? benign or malignant?
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benign
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What is a papilloma?
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benign epithelial neoplasm with finger like projections
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What is a polyp?
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extension of epithelium and stroma above mucosal surface with no finger like projections
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What is the difference between a polyp and papilloma?
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papilloma has CT in the finger like projections whereas the polyp has an extension of epithelium and stroma above mucosal surface
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What is a hamartoma?
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benign neoplasm that is indigenous cells but is disorganized
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What is a choristoma?
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benign neoplasm that is ectopic normal tissue
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Naming for simple malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin?
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-"sarcoma"
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Naming for simply tumor of epithelial origin?
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-"carcinoma"
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What kinds of cells are located in the mixed tumor?
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divergent differentiation
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What is the definition of a teratoma?
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neoplasm with cells from different germ layers
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Can a teratoma or mixed/compound tumor be benign or malignant?
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it can be ither
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What is the difference between a mixed/compound tumor and a teratoma?
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Teratoma- tumor with cells from different germ layers
Mixed/Compound type - derived from same germ layer |
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What are the gross features of a benign neoplasm? (4)
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1) similar to tissue of origin
2) encapsulated 3) slow growth 3) no metastasis |
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What are the microscopic features of a benign neoplasm? (6)
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1) recognizable
2) uniform cells 3) few mitotic figures, and those that are there are rare 4) normal orientation 5) abundant stroma 6) basement membrane |
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What are the characteristics of dysplasia? (5)
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1) loss in uniformity
2) loss of architectural orientation 3) pleomorphism 4) hyperchromatic 5) increased mitoses (normal) |
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What is the carcinoma in situ? (2)
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a carcinoma (malignant) that is confined to the basement membrane and has dysplastic changes throughout the entire thickness
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What are the gross features of a malignant tumor? (4)
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1) locally invasive
2) infiltrating 3) rapid, erratic growth 4) metastasis |
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what are the microscopic features of a malignant tumor?
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1) does not resemble tissue of origin
2) pleomorphism 3) hyperchromatic blue nuclei 4) mitoseses 5) messed up orientation 6) giant tumor cells 7) the middle may be necrotic |
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What is a tumor giant cell?
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a cell with 2 or more hyperchromatic nucleus
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What is anaplasia?
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lack of differentiation
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What are the three factors that determine tumor growth?
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1) doubling time of tumor cells
2) fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool 3) rate at which cells shed or die |
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What is the general strategy of treating tumors based on the knowledge of tumor growth?
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move cells into proliferative pool where they can be targets for gene therapy
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What are the two oncogenes that act in tumors?
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1) RAS
2) MYC |
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What is function of RAS oncogenes?
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1) growth factor
2) cells grow without achorage |
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What is function of MYC oncogene?
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makes sell sensitive to growth factor thereby immortalizing them
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What is the evolution of cancer?
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1) mutation event
2) activation of KRAS 3) loss of tumor supressor gene 4) adenoma cells proliferate 5) malignancy happens 6) you get a carcinoma |
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What is the main difference between adenomatous polyp and hyperplastic polyp?
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1)adenomatous has no mucin and hyperplastic has mucin
2) cells are losing the basal orientation and hyperplastic still has basal orientation |
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What are the two other characteristics of adenomatous polyp besides basal orientation and mucin?
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-cigar shaped nuclei
-loss of differnetiation |