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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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that portion of the brain responsible for functions most commonly associated with "higher-order" behaviors (learning, intelligence, awareness); receives and interprets sensory information, initiates conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, and integrates neuron activty that is normally associated with communication, expression of emotional responses, learning, memory and recall, and other behaviors associated with conscious activity
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cerebrum
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second largest component of the brain; allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes
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cerebellum
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the brain and spinal cord
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Central nervous system
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nerves outside of the central nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system
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a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system that conducts sensory and/or motor impulses to and from the central nervous system and the periphery of the body
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Nerves
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cells of the nerves that are structurally composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. they not only initiate nerve impulses but also conduct them
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Neurons
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cells in the nervous system that support and protect the neurons
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Neuroglia
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cells in the nervous system that protest and support the nervous system
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glial cells
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the cell body of the neuron; perikaryon
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soma
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the cell body of the neuron; soma
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Perikaryon
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the receptive site of the nerve cell; extends from the cell body, giving the cell a starlike shape; receives stimuli and conveys them as nerve impulses to the cell body
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dendrites
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the receptive site of the nerve cell; extends from the cell body, giving the cell a starlike shape; receives stimuli and conveys them as nerve impulses to the cell body
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dendrites
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the receptive site of the nerve cell; extends from the cell body, giving the cell a starlike shape; receives stimuli and conveys them as nerve impulses to the cell body
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dendrites
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a modified nerve ending converts mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic stimuli into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS and are interpreted as the appropriate sensation
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Sensory receptors
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the receptive site of the nerve cell; extends from the cell body, giving the cell a starlike shape; receives stimuli and conveys them as nerve impulses to the cell body
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dendrites
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a modified nerve ending converts mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic stimuli into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS and are interpreted as the appropriate sensation
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Sensory receptors
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extension of the neuron that conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the end of the neuron
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Axons
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extension of the neuron that conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the end of the neuron
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Axons
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a modified nerve ending converts mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic stimuli into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS and are interpreted as the appropriate sensation
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Sensory receptors
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a modified nerve ending converts mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic stimuli into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS and are interpreted as the appropriate sensation
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Sensory receptors
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a cell such as a muscle or gland cell that carries out some action when stimulated by a nerve impulse
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Effector cell
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a cell such as a muscle or gland cell that carries out some action when stimulated by a nerve impulse
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Effector cell
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extension of the neuron that conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the end of the neuron
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Axons
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extension of the neuron that conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the end of the neuron
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Axons
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fatty substance that covers some axons
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Myelin
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a cell such as a muscle or gland cell that carries out some action when stimulated by a nerve impulse
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Effector cell
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fatty substance that covers some axons
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Myelin
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a cell such as a muscle or gland cell that carries out some action when stimulated by a nerve impulse
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Effector cell
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fatty substance that covers some axons
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Myelin
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fatty substance that covers some axons
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Myelin
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myelinated axons in the CNS
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White matter
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the part of the CNS made up of neuron cell bodies
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Gray matter
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cell membrane of glial cells wrapped around an axon; increases speed of impulse conduction along the axon
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Myelin sheath
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glial cells in the brain and spinal cord whose cellular membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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glial cells associated with the peripheral nerves whose cellular membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the PNS
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Schwann cells
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unmyelinated areas of the axon between two adjacent Schwann cells that are involved in rapid conduction of nerve impulses along the axon
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Nodes of ranvier
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nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system
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Afference nerves
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nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system
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Efferent nerves
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nerves that carry afferent impulses from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system
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Sensory nerves
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nerve that carries efferent impulses to muscles, although motor function may be used to describe any nerve that carries an efferent impulse, including those that supply endocrine glands and tissues that are not muscle
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Motor nerves
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conscious or voluntary nervous system controlling skeletal muscles; somatic motor function is the efferent branch, and the somatic sensory function is the afferent branch
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Somatic nervous system
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the part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands automatically without conscious control; has motor and sensory branches
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Autonomic nervous system
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in reference to neurons, more sodium ions are outside of the cell membrane than inside, and more potassium ions are inside the cell; it is the state of the neuron before stimulation
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Resting state
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active transport molecule that moves sodium molecules out of the neuron and potassium molecules into the neuron to maintain the resting state
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Sodium-potassium pump
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the electrical charge of some cells at rest caused by differing concentrations of ions inside and outside of the cell membrane
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Resting membrane potential
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a reduction in the voltage across a neuron or muscle cell membrane from its normal polarized state. this results in an action potential in the case of a neuron or the initiation of contraction in the case of a muscle cell
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Depolarization
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significant change in electrical charge from negative to positive
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Action potential
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the process following depolarization wherein potassium ions diffuse rapidly out of the neuron
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Repolarization
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the required level of stimulation, or degree of change in a cell's electrical potential, necessary to initiate an action potential
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Threshold
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the minimum stimulus that will generate a nerve impulse
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Threshold stimulus
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the opening of sodium channels, starting at the point of stimulus and continuing down the length of the neuron to the end of the axon; also called nerve impulse and the propagation of the action potential along the neuron
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Wave of depolarization
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another name for a nerve impulse
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Conduction of the action potential
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a wave of cell membrane depolarization that travels from the point of stimulus down the length of a nerve cell process
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Nerve impulse
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the principle that an individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all
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All-or-nothing principle
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the period in the depolarization-repolarization cycle, when the neuron cannot be stimulated to depolarize or can only be depolarized with a greater than normal stimulation
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Refractory period
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the skipping of the depolarization wave in a myelinated axon from one node of Ranvier; means "leaping" conduction
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Salutatory conduction
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the continuation of the nerve impulse across the synapse from one neuron to another or from one neuron to its target cell
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Synaptic transmission
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physical gap between two communicating neurons or between a neuron and its target cell
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Synaptic cleft
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the neuron that is stimulated by the depolarization wave to release a neurtransmitter into the synapse
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Presynaptic neuron
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the chemical released by the presynaptic neuron that diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, and stimulated or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron
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Neurotransmitter
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the neuron that contains the receptors to which a relased neurotransmitter binds, causing depolarization or inhibition of depolarization of the neuron
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Postsynaptic neuron
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the branched end of an axon; each branch terminated in a neurotramsitter-filled synaptic end bulb
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Telodendron
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button at the end of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter; also called synaptic end bulb or synaptic knob
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Terminal bouton
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button at the end of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter; also called terminal bouton or synaptic knob
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Synaptic end bulb
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button at the end of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter; also called terminal bouton or synaptic end bulb
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Synaptic knob
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a specialized protein to which the neurotransmitters bind
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Receptors
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chemicals released by neurons at the synapse that tend to cause excitation or depolarization of other neurons or target tissues
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Excitatory neurotransmitters
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chemicals released by neurons at the synapse that tend to depress or decrease depolarization of other neurons or target tissues
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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a neurotransmitter associated with somatic nerves and with parasympathetic nervous system effects even though it is used in the preganglionic neuron in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; has a stimulatory effect on the gastrointestinal track, it increases secretions and muscle contractions in the esophagus, stomach, ruminant forestomachs, intestine, and colon
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Acetylcholine
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a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland under stimulation by the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. it produces part of the fight or flight response that results when an animal feels threatened
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Norepinephrine
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the group of neurotransmitters that includes norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and others with similar chemical properties
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Catecholamines
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commonly called adrenaline. a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland under stimulation by the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. it produces part of the fight or flight response that results when an animal feels threatened
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Epinephrine
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a catecholamine neurotransmitter
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Dopamine
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inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Glycine
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the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
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Acetylcholinesterase
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the portion of the brain responsible for functions most commonly associated with "high-order" behaviors (learning, intelligence, awareness); receives and interprets sensory information, initials conscious (voluntary) nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, and integrates neuron activity that is normally associated with communication, expression of emotional responses, learning, memory and recall, and other behaviors associated with conscious activity
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Cerebrum
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gray matter that makes up the outer layer of the cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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white fibers that connect and provide communication pathways between the two cerebral hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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the folds that provide the wrinkled appearance of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
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gyri (gyrus)
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deep grooves found in the cerebral cortex
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fissures
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groove, especially shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex
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sulci (sulcus)
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prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
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longitudinal fissure
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the two halves of the cerebrum
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cerebral hemisphere
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each cerebral hemisphere is divided by sulci into lobes; different lobes of the cerebral hemispheres specialize in certain functions
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lobes
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second largest component of the brain; allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complete reflexes
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cerebellum
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part of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for regulating sensory impulses to the cerebrum
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thalamus
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a portion of the dincephalon that has extensive links to the brain and the pituitary gland. it functions as an important bridge between the nervous and the endocrine systems
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hypothalamus
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the master endocrine gland. a pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain; made up of the anterior pituitary gland, which produces seven known hormones, and the posterior pituitary gland, which stores and releases two hormones from the hypothalamus; also called the hypophysis
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pituitary
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the connection between the brain and the spinal cord; composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain; heavily involved in autonomic control functions related to the heart, respiration, blood vessel diameter, swallowing, and vomitting
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brain stem
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the part of the brain stem just above the spinal cord
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medulla oblongata
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a part of the brain stem located just rostral to the medulla oblongata
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pons
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mesencephalon
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midbrain
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set of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord; the three layers of the meninges, from outside to innermost layer, are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater
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meninges
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the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord; it is considered to be the toughest of the meninges
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dura mater
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the delicate weblike layer of the meninges between the dura mater and the pia mater
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arachnoid
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the innermost layer of the meninges
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pia mater
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fluid that bathes and protects the brain and spinal cord from the hard inner surface of the skull and spinal vertebrae
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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the functional barrier between the capillaries in the brain and the nervous tissue; anatomically composed of capillary walls without the openings found in other capillaries and glial cells
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blood-brain barrier
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small openings or holes; in the walls of the clomerular capillaries, fenestrations allow certain molecules to leave that would normally be too large to escape
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fenestrations
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small diameter, cerebro-spinal fluid-filled canal in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles of the brain
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central canal
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the branch off each side of the spinal cord between each set of adjacent vertebrae that conducts sensory impulses into the spinal cord from the periphery of the body
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dorsal nerve roots
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the branch off each side of the spinal cord between each set of adjacent vertebrae that conducts motor impulses from the spinal cord to effectors and in the periphery of the body
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ventral nerve roots
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the area of the spinal cord's gray matter "butterfly," where the neurons that forward sensory nerve impulses to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord are located
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dorsal horns
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the area of the spinal cord's gray matter "butterfly" where the neurons that forward motor nerve impulses to the spine are located
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ventral horns
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part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the fight or flight response; also called the thoracolumbar system because of the location of the sympathetic nerves emerging from the thoracic and lumbar vertebral segments
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sympathetic nervous system
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part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the rest and restore response; also called the craniosacral system because of the location of the parasympathetic nerves emerging from the brain stem and sacral vertebral segments
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parasympathetic nervous system
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sympathetic nervous system; so named because most of the nerves are in the sympathetic nervous emerge from the thracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
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thoracolumbar system
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another term that defines the parasympathetic nervous system based on the fact that the parasympathetic nervous system nerves emerge from the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord segment
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cranial-sacral system
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cluster of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS
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ganglion
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in reference to the autonomic nervous system, it is the first of two neurons that typically make up the nerves of the autonomic nervous system; so called because the first neuron is located "before" the ganglion
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preganglionic neuron
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in reference to the autonomic nervous system, it is the second of two neurons that typically make up the nerves of the autonomic nervous system; so called because this neuron originate from the ganglion and carries the impulse from it to the target organ or tissue
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postganglionic neuron
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series of ganglia located outside the thoracolumbar area of the spinal column and associated with the sympathetic nervous system
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sympathetic ganglion chain
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cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
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nuclei
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neurons that secrete catecholamines as their neurotransmitters
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adrenergic neurons
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receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system response; these receptors, when stimulated by catecholamines, cause vasoconstriction
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alpha1-adrenergic receptors
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receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous response; these receptors, when stimulated by catecholamines tend to cause an increase in rate and force of contraction of the heart
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beta1-adrenergic receptors
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receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system response; these receptors, when stimulated by catecholamines, tend to cause dilation of the bronchioles and vasodilation of some blood vessels
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beta2-adrenergic receptors
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neurons that secrete acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter
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cholinergic neurons
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receptors for acetylcholine; may be muscarinic or nicotinic receptors
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cholinergic receptors
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a type of cholinergic receptor that binds with acetylcholine
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nicotinic receptors
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a type of cholinergic receptor that is stimulated by acetylcholine
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muscarinic receptors
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a reflex resulting in the stimulation of inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction
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somatic reflexes
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a reflex that results in stimulation or inhibition of smooth or cardiac muscle or endocrine gland function; mechanisms of homeostasis are autonomic reflexes
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autonomic reflexes
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the reflex arc is composed of the sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron(s), motor neuron, and target tissue or organ involved with a stimulus and reflex response
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reflex arc
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neuron carrying impulses toward the CNS
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sensory neuron
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typically a short neuron that connects two other neurons; usually mentioned in the context of the reflex arc
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interneurons
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a neuron carrying impulses from the CNS to a peripheral effector organ such as a muscle or gland
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motor neuron
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reflex initiated by stretch receptors within a muscle that results in contraction of the muscle to compensate for the stretching
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stretch reflex
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a sensory organ located within muscle that detects stretch of the muscle
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muscle spindle
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reflex arc in which painful stimulus on skin causes contraction of the affected limb; also called flexor reflex
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withdrawal reflex
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reflex initiated by a stimulation of a limb that results in extension of the limb on the other side of the body
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crossed extensor reflex
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reflexes that are initiated on one side of the body and travel to the opposite side to produce their effect
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contralateral reflexes
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the reflex stimulus and response are on the same side of the body
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ipsilateral reflexes
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reflex response that is more pronounced than normal
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hyperreflexive
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reflex response is less than normal
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hyporeflexive
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reflex closure of the eyelids when the medial canthus of the eyelids is touched; used in anesthesia monitoring to assess depth of anesthesia
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palpebral reflex
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