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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensory Input |
sensory receptors (ex. Eyes, nose) Gather information from the environment and send it to the brain |
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Integration |
The brain processes and understands the sensory input and decides what should be in response |
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Motor output |
Messages are sent from the brain to the muscles or glands to cause a response |
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The Divisions of the nervous system C |
Central and Peripheral |
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Central Nervous System |
- Includes the brain and spinal cord - integration and control center - interprets sensory input and dictates motor output |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
- nerves that extend from the brain or spinal cord - spinal nerves: to and from the spinal cord - cranial nerves: to and from the brain |
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The Peripheral Nervous System is split into… |
Motor division and sensory division |
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Motor Division (of the Peripheral Nervous System) |
- efferent division (exits brain) - sends messages from the brain and to the muscles and glands using motor neurons - motor output |
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Sensory Division (of the Peripheral Nervous System) |
- afferent division (arrives at brain) - delivers messages from the senses to the brain using sensory neurons - sensory input |
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The motor division is split into… |
Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
- motor neurons from the brain to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - involuntary |
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Somatic Nervous System |
- motor neurons from the brain to the skeletal muscle - voluntary |
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The autonomic nervous system is split into… |
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division |
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Sympathetic Division |
- fight or flight response - activates the body systems |
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Parasympathetic Division |
- rest and digest - calms the body systems down |
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Neuron structure |
- cell body (soma) - contains organelles - produce proteins and molecules needed for a neuron to send or receive an impulse - dendrites -receive impulses from previous neuron - short and highly branched |
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axon |
- carries impulse away from the soma and toward the next neuron |
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Axon terminals |
Fine projections at the end of an axon that pass the impulse to the next neuron |
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Synaptic End Bulbs |
Store neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse due to impulses |
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Axon Hillock |
Where the axon joins the cell body |
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Myelin Sheath |
- lipid layer - insulates the axon - speeds up the transmissions of action potentials along the axon |
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Schwann Cells |
Produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
- gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon - impulses “skip” to them |
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Structural Classifications |
Based on the number of processes extending from the soma |
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Multi-polar neurons |
- have many processes - one long axon and multiple dendrites - most common type of neuron |
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Bipolar Neurons |
- have two processes - one branching axon and one dendrite - very rare - only found in the special sense organs (ex. Eyes) |
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Unipolar Neurons |
- Have only one process (an axon) - mainly found in the peripheral nervous system |
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Functional Classifications |
Based on the direction that the message travels through the neuron in relation to the central nervous system |
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Sensory Neurons |
- also known as afferent neurons - carry impulses fm the sensory receptors in the skin or sense(s) organs to the central nervous system Usually unipolar |
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Motor Neurons |
- also known as efferent neurons - carry impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands - usually multipolar |
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Interneurons |
- also known as association neurons - transmit impulses within the central nervous system - over 99% of neurons in the body - usually multipolar |
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Neurons are: |
- main cells of these nervous system - you have billion - send impulses (messages) from one part of the body to another |
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Neuroglial cells are: |
- smaller than neurons - also called “glial” cells which means “glue” - fill spaces between neurons and supports them - in the central nervous system they are: astrocytes, epedymall cells,microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes - in the peripheral nervous system they are: Schwann Cells and Satellite cells |
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Astrocytes are: |
Largest and most numerous |
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Microglial cells are: |
- sene and approach injured neurons - phagocytose bacteria & debris |
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Epyndemal cellls are: |
Use cilia to circulate cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord |
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Oligondendrocytes are: |
Form myelin sheath in the central nervous system (an insulated covering) |
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Schwann Cells are: |
Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system |
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Satellite cells are: |
- surround the cell body of a neuron Regulate levels of oxygen, CO2, and nutrients |