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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
___ are examples of effectors of the nervous system
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Glands
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Nerves are ___ of the nervous system
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organs
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____ are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
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Dendrites
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While the membrane is depolarizing its _____ are fully open
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sodium gates are fully open
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A cholinergic synapse employs ___ as its neurotransmitter
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acetylcholine
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Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?
A)a voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV B)a voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV C)a voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV D)a voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV E)a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV |
E)a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
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___ form myelin in the spinal cord
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Oligodendrocytes
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____ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine
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Visceral motor
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Local potentials are _____, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus
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Graded
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Presynaptic inhibition is the opposite of
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Facilitation
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Local potentials are ___, whereas action potential are ___
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graded; all or none
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All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except
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they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
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The myelin sheath is formed by
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cells
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Most of the myelin sheath is composed of _______
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lipids
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___ has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential
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Potassium
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During the absolute refractory period
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no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential
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A traveling wave of excitation is what we know as
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a nerve signal
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___ binds to ligand-regulated gates, and is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
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γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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Which of these happens first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission?
A)Adenylate cyclase is activated B)G protein dissociates from the NE receptor C)ATP is converted to cyclic AMP D)G protein binds to adenylate cyclase E)cyclic AMP induces several effects in the cell |
G protein dissociates from the NE receptor
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All of these contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission except:
A)synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis B)enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters C)neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid D)neurotransmitters stop being released E)the synaptic knob reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis |
synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis
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The ___ division tends to prepare the body for action
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sympathetic
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Some ___ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas ____ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system
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afferent; efferent
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___ neurons are the most common type of neurons
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Multipolar
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Accumulation of Ca2+ in the synaptic knob is called ___, and probably plays an important role in ___
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synaptic facilitation; short-term memory
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Opening of sodium gates typically leads to
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depolarization of the plasma membrane.
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Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO), which is an enzyme
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that breaks down monoamines.
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Opening of __ gates produces an ___.
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chloride; IPSP
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The best type of neural pool for producing a prolonged output is
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a reverberating circuit.
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Most local potentials happen at the
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dendrites
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___ excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle.
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Acetylcholine
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An inhibitory local potential
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hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane.
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Which of these happens first in an cholinergic synaptic transmission?
A)postsynaptic potential is produced B)ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft C)sodium enters the postsynaptic cell D)Ach binds to ligand-regulated gates E)synaptic vesicles release ACh |
synaptic vesicles release ACh
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with
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hyperpolarization of the cell membrane.
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Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural
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coding
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