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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Neuroectoderm forms...
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CNS neurons, ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendroglia
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Neural crest forms...
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1) PNS neurons
2) Schwann cells 3) Melanocytes 4) Adrenal chromaffin cells 5) pia/arachnoid 6) odontoblast (make dentin) 7) aorticopulmonary septum 8) parafollicular cells 9) skeletal components of pharyngeal arches |
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Mesoderm forms
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Microglia
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Astrocyte functions
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K+ metabolism, support/repair, blood-brain barrier, clearing neurotransmitters
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Astrocyte marker
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GFAP
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Oligodendroglia/Schwann cells myelinate what?
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Oli: up to 30 neurons in CNS; Schwann: only 1 neuron in PNS (schwann have saltatory conduction where high conc of Na+ channels at nodes of ranvier)
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Ependymal cell function
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ciliated cells lining the central canal and ventricles; produce CSF
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What cells are destroyed in MS?
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oligodendrocytes
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What cells are destroyed in Guillain-barre?
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Schwann cells
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Where do schwannomas often occur?
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Cerebellopontine angle--> acoustic neuroma
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Describe Free nerve ending (c-fibers)
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slow, unmyelinated respond to dull pain and hot temperature; found in all skin
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Describe free nerve ending (a-delta fibers)
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fast, myelinated; respond to sharp pain and cold temperature; found in all skin
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Describe Meissner's corpuscles
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position sense and fine dynamic touch found in hairless skin; rapidly adapting
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Describe Merkel's disks
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position sense and fine static touch found in hair follicles; senses shapes, edges, textures; slowly adapting
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Describe pacinian corpuscles
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looks like an onion; found in deep skin, ligaments and joints; senses pressure and vibrations
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Difference between muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ?
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Muscle spindle: muscle length monitoring
Golgi tendon organ: muscle tension monitoring |
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Location of synthesis: NE
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locus ceruleus, reticular formation, solitary tract
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Location of synthesis: Dopamine
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ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta
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Location of synthesis: serotonin
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raphe nucleus
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Location of synthesis: Ach
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basal nucleus of meynart
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Location of synthesis: GABA
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nucleus accumbens
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Fenestrated areas of brain capillaries allow...
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1) area postrema: vomiting post chemo
2) OVLT: osmotic sensing (ADH release) |
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Hypothalamus functions:
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TAN HATS: thirst/water balance, adenohypophysis control, neurohypophysis releast, hunger, autonomic function, temperature regulation, sexual urges
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Lateral area of hypothalamus controls:
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Hunger; destroy lateral-->anorexia;
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Leptin function
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1) inhibits lateral area
2) stimulates ventromedial area Essentially tells you you are full. |
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Ventromedial are of hypothalamus controls:
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Satiety; destroy it and get FAT
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Anterior area of hypothalamus controls:
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Cooling/parasympathetic
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Posterior area of hypothalamus controls:
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heat/ sympathetic
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
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Controls sleep/wake cycle via melatonin, ADH, and oxytocin
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VPL of thalamus: Input and destination
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1)Spinothalamic tract and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus
2) primary somatosensory cortex |
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VPM of thalamus: Input and destination
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1) Trigeminal and gustatory pathways
2) primary somatosensory cortex |
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LGN of thalamus: Input and destination
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1) CN2
2) Calcarine sulcus |
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MGN of thalamus: input and destination
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1) superior olive and inferior colliculi
2) auditory cortex of temporal lobe |
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Role of thalamus parts?
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Relays all ascending sensory info except olfaction
1) VPL: pain, temp; position sense/touch, pressure, vibration 2) VPM: face sensation and taste 3) LGN: vision 4) MGN: hearing |
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Limbic system includes these structures
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1) cingulate gyrus
2) hippocampus 3) fornix 4) mamillary bodies 5) septal nuclues |
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Limbic system responsible for
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5 F's: feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling and fucking
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Cerebellum input and output nerves
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Input: climbing and mossy fibers
Output: purkinje fibers output to deep nuclei of cerebellum to cortex |
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Lateral nuclei (dentate) of cerebellum responsible for:
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voluntary movement of extremities
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Medial nuclei (emboliform, globose, fastigial) of cerebellum responsible for:
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balance, truncal coordination, ataxia
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When injure your medial cerebellum, what happens?
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you fall towards the ipsilateral side (because 2 crossovers)
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fllocculonodular lobe can be damaged by medulloblastoma in children
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Basal ganglia function:
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voluntary movement and postural adjusments
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Direct (excitatory) pathway in basal ganglia:
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Increase in motion via:
stimulation of striatum--> release of ACh--> disinhibits the thalamus via globus pallidus internus (GPi) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) |
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Indirect (inhibatory) pathway in basal ganglia:
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Decrease in motion via:
stimulation of striatum--> disinhibits STN (subthalamic nucleus) via globus pallidus externus (GPe)-->STN stimulate GPi to inhibit the thalamus-->less motion |
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Dopamine's effect on basal ganglia:
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1) Binds to D1, stimulating the excitatory pathway
2) binds to D2, inhibiting the inhibatory pathway Leads to increase in motion! |
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