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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 2 major motor control systems?
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extrapyramidal
pyramidal |
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FUNCTION pyramidal system
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initiated, voluntary skeletal mm activity
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FUNCTION extrapyramidal system
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involuntary skeletal mm activity
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DEFINE supplemental motor area
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association area in frontal lobe
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FUNCTION supplemental motor area
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finessed movement:
*initiation of movement *involved w/ orientation of the eyes/head *planning sequential and bi-manual movements |
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DEFINE pre-motor area
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association area ant to motor cortex
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FUNCTION pre motor area
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controls trunk, pelvic and pectoral girdle musculature (change posture)
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DEFINE broca's area
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association area in frontal lobe
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FUNCTION broca's area
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instigate speech
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What percentage of the coricospinal tracts decussate in the pyramids of the medulla?
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90%
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FUNCTION corticofugal tract
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inn voluntary skeletal mm activity from the extremities and trunk
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FUNCTION corticobulbar tract
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inn voluntary skeletal mm activity of the head and neck, mm of facial expression, extrinsic eye mm, tongue, mastication, neck, pharynx, larynx, and scalp (includes ALL Cranial NN w/ motor fx)
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FUNCTION modulatroy descending motor tract
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modify the effects of the CORTICOSPINAL tract in that they refine and finesse the activity of lower motor neurons, which receive input from the UMNs of the corticospinal tract
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What are the modulatory descending motor tracts?
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rubrospinal tract
tectospinal tract vestibulospinal tract reticulospinal tract |
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FUNCTION rubrospinal tract
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influence is biased towards excitation for flexor mm and inhibition for extensor mm
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FUNCTION tectospinal tract
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involved w/ reflex postural movements of head, neck, and UE in response to visual stimuli
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FUNCTION vestibulospinal tract
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righting reflexes in response to activation of the vestibular system
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FUNCTION reticulospinal tract
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excitatory to extensor mm activity and inhibits flexor mm activity
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Which cranial nn have a unilateral projection pattern (ie-do not decussate)?
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CN VII and XII
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FUNCTION oculomotor n
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inn extrinsic eye mm (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inf oblique)
inn iris and ciliaty body |
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FUNCTION trochlear n
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inn sup oblique eye mm
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FUNCTION trigeminal n
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inn mm of mastication
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FUNCTION abducens n
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inn lateral rectus eye mm
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FUNCTION facial n
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inn the muscles of facial expression
inn submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands |
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FUNCTION glossopharyngeal n
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inn the stylopharyngeus m of the pharynx
inn parotid gland |
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FUNCTION vagus n
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inn mm of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate
Inn viscera of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis |
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FUNCTION spinal accessory n
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inn SCM and trapezius mm
inn the intrinsic laryngeal mm |
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FUNCTION hypoglossal n
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inn extrinsic and intrisic mm of tongue via genioglossus m
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What are classical signs of UMN damage?
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paresis
paralysis exaggerated DTR clonus spastic paralysis hypertonia |
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DEFINE paresis
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weakness b/c skeletal mm are receiving less input
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DEFINE paralysis
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loss of movement; large range of less bc of less input
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DEFINE exaggerated DTR
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hyperreflexia (simple reflex arc more active
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DEFINE clonus
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spasms w/ alterations of contractions and relaxation in rapid succession of antagonistic and agonistic mm
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DEFINE spastic paralysis
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characterized by involuntary contraction of 1 or more mm w/ loss of fx
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DEFINE hypertonia
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incr mm tone
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When do contralateral affects occur with a damaged UMN?
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when damage occurs BEFORE decussation
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Do you still have a reflex arc when there is UMN damage? why?
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yes; bc LMN is not damaged therfore reflex arc still occurs to stimuli (there is just no voluntary action that requires input from UMN and cerebral cortex
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DEFINE babinski test for UMN lesion
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run an object up the lateral side of the foot
normal: toes will plantarflex positive: toes will dorsiflex and the great toe fans |
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How do LMN get damaged?
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can damage the ventral horn itself
can damage a peripheral n |
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What are classical signs of LMN damage?
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paresis
flaccid paralysis hypotonia decreased or absent DTR atrophy fibrillations/fasciculations |
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DEFINE flaccid paralysis
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total loss of mm tone w/ resultant loss of fx
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DEFINE hypotonia
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decrease mm tone
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DEFINE decreased or absent DTR
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wiped out LMN part of reflex arc, therfore no reflex
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DEFINE atrophy
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reduction in size of skeletal mm as a result of decreased tone
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DEFINE fibrillations/fasciculations
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spontaneous activity of skeletal mm
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On which side will symptom appear in relation to the damaged LMN?
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ipsilateral
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What are collective responses of LMN?
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spinal reflexes
rhythmic patterned movements central pattern generators (CPG) |
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What are some spinal reflex responses?
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DTR
noxious stimulation reflexes |
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DEFINE rhythmic patterned movements
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predictable involuntary movements involved w/ specific motor activities (some hardwired since birth, some learned)
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DEFINE central pattern generators
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used to delineate rhythmic patterns
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Where are central pattern generators set up and remembered in?;
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basal ganglia
SC brainstem Cerebellum |
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What are characteristics of SC reflexes?
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segmental in nature
may involve propriospinal loops can be modulated by supraspinal influences |
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Which tracts can modulate SC reflexes?
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rubrospinal tract (bias toward flex)
reticulospinal tract (bias toward extensors) |
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What are the 4 fundamental anatomical parts to a SC reflex?
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*receptor organ on distal end
*afferent sensory neuron *efferent motor neuron *an effector organ |
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DEFINE flexor reflexes
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(aka protective reflexes) activated by type II and IV fibers
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DEFINE DTR/stretch reflex
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contraction of agonistic and synergistic mm following the stretching of agonistic mm ( activates type 1a fibers)
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FUNCTION DTR reflex
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maintain upright posture and mm tone
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DEFINE receptor organ
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Muscle spindles (type 1a fibers)
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What fibers are inside muscle spindles?
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intrafusal fibers
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What are the 3 types of muscles spindles?
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dynamic nuclear bag (Ia)
static nuclear bag (II) nuclear chain fiber (II) |
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FUNCTION intrafusal fibers
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differentiate between static and dynamic change in length and rate of change in length of skeletal mm
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DEFINE extrafusal fibers
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muscle fibers
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DEFINE noncontractile portion of intrafusal fibers
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middle of intrafusal fiber that does no contract
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