Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Frontal Lobe
|
Anterior portion of cortex
Bounded posterially by central fissure (Rolando) (ends at the central sulcus) Associated with motor and movement |
|
Parietal Lobe
|
Anterior boundary = central fissure
Roof of the brain (most superior portion) – associated with touch or sensation Includes postcentral gyrus (SENSORY STRIP) |
|
Occipital Lobe
|
Most posterior portion of brain – associated with vision
"occiput" means back of the head |
|
Temporal Lobe
|
Dorsal (relating to or situated on the back of the body) boundary = lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure)
Posterior “bottom” portion of brain (sides/behind ears) – associated with hearing/ auditory function |
|
Meninges
|
Three membranes that enclose the CNS
Dura mater (outermost) Arachnoid (inner/middle membrane - with subarachnoid space) Pia mater (on surface of brain) |
|
PNS
|
Cranial nerves 12 pairs (head & neck)
Spinal nerves 31 pairs (trunk & limbs) |
|
CNS
|
1. Spinal cord
2. Brain stem 3. Cerebellum 4. Diencephalon 5. Cerebrum (cerebrum + diencephalon = brain) |
|
Landmarks in brain tissue
|
Brain Tissue: gyrus (or gyri - RIDGES), sulcus (or sulci - INDENTATIONS) and fissure (deep sulci)
|
|
Brain covering
|
Gray matter called CEREBRAL CORTEX
|
|
Brain stem
|
Midbrain (upper)
Pons Medulla Overall: serves as a conduit for all motor output from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system and for all sensory input from the PNS to the CNS |
|
Landmarks in brain tissue
|
Transverse fissure,
Corpus callosum, Central sulcus (F of R) Lateral sulcus (F of S) |
|
Cerebellum
|
Responsible for controlling the rate, force, direction, and amplitude of volitional movements
|
|
Spinal cord neurons
|
Motor neurons in the spinal cord are located in the ANTERIOR horns (central grey matter)
Sensory neurons are located in the posterior horns |
|
Ventricles
|
Four cavities filled with CSF deep w/i brain
2 - Lateral ventricles Third Ventricle Fourth ventricle (narrow tube) |
|
Choriod plexus
|
Spongy mass of vascular tissue that is primary producer of CSF
|
|
Diencephalon
|
Deep in the brain, at the top of the brain stem
Contains the thalamus and the basal ganglia |
|
Thalamus
|
Pair of egg shaped nuclei on each side of 3rd ventricle
Major relay center for motor info from motor cortex & for sensory info to sensory cortex Many sensory pathways synapse at the thalamus Role in maintaining consciousness, alertness & attention |
|
Basal ganglia
|
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus and Substantia nigra - often lumped together to form the lenticular nucleus Lenticular nucleus is separated fromt he caudate nucleus by internal capsule Basal ganglia control the major muscle groups in trunk and limbs |
|
Transverse fissure
|
separates the cerebral cortex from the cerebellum
|
|
Corpus Callosum
|
white matter that serves as an important pathway between the 2 hemispheres
|
|
Central Sulcus or Fissure of Rolando
|
divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
|
|
Lateral Sulcus or Fissure of Sylvius
|
divides the temporal from the frontal/parietal lobes
|
|
Cortical tissue 3 types
|
1. Primary areas: control basic sensory or motor functioning, e.g., seeing something
2. Secondary (Association) areas: interpret information – NOT basic function – e.g., recognition that what you see is a cat. Secondary areas are always located next to the primary areas they are assisting 3. Tertiary areas: specialized areas, may be limited to humans; deal with abstract ideas, not associated with only one area – that is, not modality specific – e.g., pre-frontal works with all |
|
Flechsig’s Rule
|
Primary areas of the brain do not interconnect with each other; they are isolated or cut-off from other areas of the brain – thus, called primary areas
|
|
Primary visual cortex
|
Area 17, or Calcarine Fissure (occipital lobe)
|
|
Visual association
|
Areas 18 & 19
|
|
Post Central gyrus
|
Primary sensory (or somatosensory) cortex; area 312 (parietal)
|
|
Sensory association area
|
Areas 5 & 7 (parietal)
|
|
Angular gyrus
|
Tertiary (Super Secondary); Area 39 (parietal)
|
|
Herschel’s gyrus
|
Primary auditory, Area 41
|
|
Auditory association
|
Weirincke’s area; Area 22
|
|
Precentral gyrus
|
Primary motor; Area 4 (frontal lobe)
|
|
Motor Association
|
Broca's Area; Nos. 44, 45 (oral motor - frontal lobe)
|
|
Pre-frontal region
|
Tertiary motor; Areas 9 – 12
|
|
Arcuate fasciculus
|
Connects regions in the temporarly lobes with regions in the frontal lobes; is important for some neurophysiologic explanations of language
|
|
Blood supply to brain: overview
|
Common CA (TR up neck); splits into Internal CA & External CA;
Internal CA goes to brain and joins the Circle of Willis |
|
Circle of Willis
|
Joining of the ACA, PCA and Anterior Communicating, and Posterior Communicating arteries
|
|
ACA
|
Supply anterior & mesial portions of the right & left hemispheres
|
|
MCA
|
Supply lateral portions of right & left hemispheres
|
|
Types of CVAs - overview
|
Ischemic (Embolic, Thrombolic & Hypoperfusion)
hemorrhagic |
|
Embolic CVAs
|
Fragment of blood clot or other material that travels in a vlood vessel until it obstructs blood flow
Causes OCCLUSIVE CVA |
|
Thrombolic CVAs
|
Fixed clot in a blood vessel that is usually the result of buildup of plaque on the vessel wall
Causes OCCLUSIVE CVA |
|
Hypoperfusion
|
Insufficient blood volume
Generalized damage |
|
Hemorrhagic CVAs
|
bleeding int ot he cranium; hematoma forms and destroys brain tissue
Caused by: aneurysms, AV malformation |
|
Class definition of Aphasia
|
An acquired disorder which affects language modalities (expressing, and/or comprehending language speaking, writing, gestures, reading, & auditory comprehension) to varying degrees; acquired after speech/language system is intact
|
|
Aphasia statistics
|
Incidence: new onset annually 80,000
Prevalence: currently have condition over 1 million |
|
Causes of Aphasia
|
1) Stroke (700k people per year - but not all have Aphasia)
2) TBI 3) Dementia 4) Brain tumors (if in Lt Hemi) |
|
Stroke risk factors - can't change
|
1) Aging
2) Heredity (heart disease, race) 3) Gender |
|
Stroke risk factors - can change
|
Smoking
High BP High cholesterol Physical inactivity Diabetes Obesity TIAs |
|
Warning signs of CVAs
|
Sudden weakness or numbness of face, arm or leg - on one side
Sudden dimness or loss of vision, esp. in one eye Loss of or diff understanding speech or diff. speaking Sudden, severe headaches unexplained dizziness, sudden falls |
|
FAST
|
F - Face (smile)
A - Arms (raise both arms) S - Speech (simple sentence) T - Time - very important |