Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Schwann cells: origin
|
Neural crest
|
|
Microglia: origin
|
Mesoderm
|
|
Macrophages: origin
|
Mesoderm
|
|
ACh: synthesis
|
Basal nucleus of Maynert
|
|
GABA: synthesis
|
Nucleus accumbens
|
|
Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus
|
Reward, pleasure, addiction, fear
|
|
How do glucose and AA's cross BBB?
|
Slowly: carrier mediated
|
|
Vomiting after chemo?
|
Area postrema (fenestrated capillaries, no BBB)
|
|
Osmotic sensing?
|
OVLT
|
|
3 areas of no BBB, just fenestrated capillaries
|
- area postrema
- OVLT - neurohypophysis |
|
Functions of HTH:
|
TAN HATS
Thirst and water balance Adenohypophysis control Neurohypophysis release of hormones Hunger Autonomic regulation Temperature contol Sexual urges |
|
Inputs to HTH:
|
- OVLT - senses change in osmolality
- area postrema - responds to emetics |
|
Propensity to fall towards ipsilateral side: controlled by...
|
Medial part of cerebellum
|
|
Brain lesion of what would lead to Wernike-Korsakoff
|
Mamillary bodies (bilateral)
|
|
Anterograde amnesia
|
Can't make new memories
Hippocampus |
|
Rapid correction of hyponatremia -->
|
Central pontine myelinolysis
|
|
MRI of central pontine myelinolysis -->
|
Increased signal in pons
|
|
Infarct lateral striate
|
Pure motor hemiparesis
|
|
Parenchymal hematoma: typical location
|
Basal ganglia
Internal capsule |
|
Kallmann's syndrome: defect
|
Failure of GnRH secreting neurons to migrate from olfactory lobes to hypothalamus
|
|
Kallman's syndrome: clinical
|
- anosmia
- lack of secondary sexual characteristics |
|
Xanthochromia indicates...
|
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
|
Anterior spinal artery: associated syndrome
|
Medial medullary syndrome
- contralateral hemiparesis - medial lemniscus (contralat proprioception) - ipsilateral hypoglossal |
|
PICA: syndrome
|
Lateral medullary syndrome
Wallenberg's - vestibular --> vertigo - ICP --> ataxia |
|
AICA: syndrome
|
Lateral inferior pontine syndrome
- ipsilateral facial paralusis - ipsilateral cochlear nucleus - vestibular - ipsilateral facial pain & temp - ipsilateral dystaxia (ICP, MCP) |
|
CNIII Palsy: Where?
|
PComm
|
|
Locked in syndrome: Where?
|
Basilar artery
|
|
Vision info goes to....
|
Calcarine sulcus
|
|
Auditory info goes to...
|
Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
|
|
Infarction destroys endothelial cell tight junctions -->
|
Vasogenic edema
|
|
Ischemic brain disease: irreversible after ... mins
|
5 mins
|
|
Areas most vulnerable to ischemic brain disease
|
His New Cerebellum Withers
Hippocampus Neocortex Cerebellum Watershed areas |
|
CSF return from arachnoid granulations -->
|
Superior sagittal sinus
|
|
Foramen of Luschka and Magendie lead into...
|
Subarachnoid space
|
|
Normal pressure hydrocephalus: triad
|
Wet (urinary incontinence)
Wobbly (ataxia) Wacky (dementia) |
|
Postmeningitis arachnoid scarring -->
|
Communicating hydrocephalus
|
|
Vertebral disc herniation - usually between:
|
L5-S1
|
|
Adult lumbar puncture between:
|
L3 - L5
|
|
Poliomyelitis: CSF findings
|
- lymphocytic pleocytosis
- slight inc protein |
|
Poliomyelitis: virus recovered in...
|
throat or stool
|
|
Werdnig-Hoffman disease:
|
LMN disease in children
|
|
ALS: defect in...
|
Superoxide dismutase 1
|
|
ALS: Rx
|
Riluzole
- lengthens survival by decreasing presynaptic glutamate release |
|
Watershed area of ASA:
|
Upper thoracic
- Artery of Adamkiewicz supplies below T8 |
|
Friedrich's ataxia: gene encodes...
|
frataxin
|
|
Three probs causing demyelination of:
- Dorsal column - Spinocerebellar - Lateral corticospinal tracts |
- Vit B12 deficiency
- Vit E deficiency - Friedrich's ataxia |
|
Friedrich's ataxia - cause of death:
|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
|
Diaphragm and gallbladder pain refer to...
|
Right shoulder
via phrenic nerve |
|
Parinaud syndrome
|
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze
Due to: lesion in superior colliculi (ie: pinealoma) |
|
Only CN without thalamic relay to cortex
|
CN I
|
|
Which CN monitors carotid body & chemo- and baroreceptors?
|
CN IX
|
|
Which CN elevates pharynx, larynx?
|
CN IX (stylopharyngeus)
|
|
Which CN monitors aortic arch chemo- and baroreceptors?
|
CN X
|
|
Which CN is responsible for palate elevation?
|
CN X
|
|
Which CN is responsible for innervating thoracoabdominal viscera?
|
CN X
|
|
Which CN controls lacrimation?
|
CN VII
|
|
Which CN is responsible for a midline uvula?
|
CN X
|
|
Bell's Palsy: associated conditions
|
AIDS
Lyme HSV (most common) Sarcoidosis Tumor Diabetes |
|
Muscle that opens mouth
|
Lateral pterygoid
|
|
Retinitis
|
Retinal necrosis and edema --> atrophic scar
|
|
Macula blood supply
|
Choroid artery
|
|
Pale retina and cherry-red macula: means??
|
Retinal artery occlusion
|
|
Cornea and lens: nourished by?
|
Aqueous humor
|
|
Acute
Painless Complete loss of vision in one eye |
Retinal artery occlusion
|
|
Causes of cataracts
|
TEASeD and GIGgleS at the guy with cataracts
Trauma EtOH Age (most common) Smoking Diabetes (sorbitol - osmotic) Galactosemia Infection (rubella) Galactokinase deficiency Sunlight |
|
CNIII Palsy: Clinical
|
- down and out
- ptosis - pupillary dilation - loss of accomodation (unopposed sympathetics) |
|
CN IV damage: Clinical
|
vertical diplopia
probs: - reading newspaper - going down stairs |
|
Marcus Gunn pupil
|
afferent pupillary defect
- optic nerve damage - retinal detachment dec bilateral pupillary constriction |
|
Pupil parasympathetic output affected by:
|
Compression
- PCA berry aneurysms - Uncal herniation |
|
Pupil output to ocular muscles affected by:
|
Vascular disease
- Diabetes (glucose --> sorbitol) |
|
Retinal detachment: vision loss due to...
|
Degeneration of photoreceptors
|
|
Scotoma
|
Loss of central vision (macular degeneration)
|
|
Pick's disease: histology
|
Pick bodies (intracellular, aggregated tau protein)
|
|
Lewy bodies:
- found in... - made of... |
Parkinson's
Lewy Body dementia a-synuclein |
|
Difference between Lewy body dementia and parkinsonism
|
Lewy Body Dementia =
Parkinsonism + dementia + visual hallucinations |
|
Other causes of dementia
|
B12 deficiency
Wilson's disease Multi-Infarct HIV Syphillis |
|
Multiple sclerosis: Triad
|
SIIIN
Scanning speech Intention tremor Incontinence Internuclear opthalmoplegia Nystagmus |
|
Multiple sclerosis: Findings in CSF
|
inc protein (IgG)
|
|
Multiple sclerosis: gold standard
|
MRI
|
|
Multiple sclerosis: HLA
|
D2
|
|
Multiple sclerosis: Treatment
|
beta-interferon
immunosuppressant |
|
Guillain-Barre: treatment
|
RESPIRATORY SUPPORT
|
|
Guillain-Barre: associated microorganisms
|
CCHHE
Campylobacter CMV HSV HIV EBV |
|
PML: pathogenesis
|
demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendrocytes
|
|
Metachromic leukodystrophy: deficiency of...
Leads to buildup of... |
I MET LEU. ALright!
Arylsulfatase A --> sulfatides |
|
Metachromic leukodystrophy: impairment
|
Can't produce myelin sheath
|
|
Migraine: how long
|
4-72 hours
|
|
Migraine: irritation of what nerve
|
CN V
|
|
Cluster headache: periorbital pain associated with...
|
ipsilateral
- lacrimation - rinorrhea - Horner's |
|
Cluster headache: more common in who
|
Males
|
|
Meniere's disease: pathogenesis
|
inc endolymph in inner ear
--> loss of cochlear haires --> sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Neurofibromatosis I (von Recklinghausen's disease)
|
NF1 COOL
Neurifibromas Freckles (Crowe's sign) 1st degree relative with NF-1 Cafe au lait macules (6+) Osseous lesion Optic glioma Lisch nodules |
|
Charcot-Bouchard:
- caused by - location |
Chronic HTN
Basal ganglia, thalamus |
|
Lateral striate: supply...
|
Posterior limb of internal capsuls
|
|
MRI after stroke: timeframe it's bright
|
3-30 mins - 10 days
|
|
CT after stroke: dark in...
|
24 hours
|
|
Tabes dorsalis: impairment of...
|
- dorsal roots
- dorsal columns |
|
Tabes dorsalis: clinical (4)
|
- dec proprioception
- dec DTR - locomotor ataxia - Positive Rhomberg |
|
Migraine: Rx (3)
|
- propanolol
- NSAIDs - Sumaptriptan |
|
Cluster headache: Rx
|
Sumaptriptan
|
|
Name a form of primitive neuroectodermal tumor
|
Medulloblastoma
|
|
Which tumor often calcifies?
|
Oligodendroglioma
|
|
Hemangioblastoma + retinal angiomas =
|
von Hippel Lindau
|
|
Hemangioblastoma can produce...
|
EPO --> secondary polycythemia
|
|
Latanoprost: derivative of...
|
PGF-2a
|
|
What opioid to use for diarrhea?
|
Loperamide
Diphenoxylate |
|
Butorphanol: mechanism
|
- mu: partial agonist
- kappa: agonist |
|
Butorphanol: advantage
|
Less respiratory depression than full agonists
|
|
Which opioid decreases the seizure threshold
|
Tramadol
|
|
What NTs does Tramadol act on
|
- opioid - weak agonist
- serotonin, NE - block reuptake |
|
First line for trigeminal neuralgia
|
Carbamazepine
|
|
Drugs that lead to stevens johnson (epilepsy drugs)
|
Phenytoin
Lamotrigine Ethosuxamide Carbamazepine |
|
Drug for myoclonic seizures
|
Valproic acid
|
|
Ethosuxamide: mechanism
|
Block T-type Ca2+ channels
|
|
1st line antiepileptic in pregnant women, children
|
Phenobarbital
|
|
Limiting side effect of Phenobarbital
|
Sedation
|
|
Benzodiazepines: use
|
Acute status epilepticus
Seizures of eclampsia |
|
1st line for seizures of eclampsia
|
MgSO4
|
|
Benzodiazepines: Treat overdose with...
|
Flumenazil - competitive antagonist at GABA benzo receptor
|
|
Zolpidem: acts via which receptor
|
BZ1
|
|
Zolpidem: reversed by...
|
flumenazil
|
|
Embolus from heart goes to...
|
Middle cerebral artery
|
|
Zolpidem: duration
|
Short - rapid metabolism by liver enzymes
|
|
MAC
|
minimum alveolar concentration at which 50% of population is anesthetized
varies with age |
|
low solubility in blood -->
|
rapid induction
rapid recovery |
|
high solubility in lipids -->
|
high potency
high 1/MAC |
|
Drug with:
high lipid & blood solubility |
Halothane
- slow induction - high potency |
|
Drug with:
low lipid & blood solubility |
N2O
- fast induction - low potency |
|
Order of sensory loss with local anesthetics
|
Pain
Temp Touch Pressure |
|
Order of nerve blockade with local anesthetics
|
Small myelinated
Small unmyelinated Large myelinated Large unmyelinated |
|
Dantrolene: Mechanism
|
Prevent the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
Malignant hyperthermia: caused by...
|
Inhalation anesthetics (except N2O)
Succinylcholine |
|
Dantrolene: treatment for (2)
|
Malignant hyperthermia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
|
Succinylcholine: mechanism
|
Bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Nm) --> channels open, neuromuscular membrane depolarizes
|
|
Antidote to Phase I succynylcholine NMJ blockage:
|
NO ANTIDOTE
- Block potentiated by cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
Antidote to Phase II succinylcholine NMJ blockade:
|
cholinesterase inhibitors
- neostigmine |
|
Pancuronium: mechanism
|
COMPETITIVE antagonist of Nm ACh receptors
--> can be overcome with neostigmine |
|
Sumaptriptan: mechanism
|
5-HT(1B/1D) agonist
--> vasoconstriction, inhibit trigeminal activation & vasoactive peptide release |
|
Sumpatriptan: half life
|
<2 hours
|
|
Sumaptriptan: contraindication
|
CAD or Prinzmetal's angina
- can cause coronary vasospasm |
|
Opioids: no tolerance develops to...
|
Miosis
Constipation |
|
Vigabatrin: mechanism
|
Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase
|
|
How might depression present in an older person?
|
Dementia (pseudodementia)
|
|
Location of HSV-1 acute encephalitis
|
temporal lobe
|
|
Decreased abstract thought
Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia |
Dementia
|
|
Barbiturates: contraindicated in...
|
Porphyria (Barbiturates induce ALA synthase --> accum precursors)
|
|
Opioids: mechanism of synaptic transmission modulation
|
open K+ channels
close Ca2+ channels --> decrease synaptic transmission Inhibit release of ACh, NE, 5HT, glutamate, substance P |
|
Uncal herniation: compression of contralateral crux cerebri (Kernohan's notch) -->
|
Ipsilateral paresis
|
|
Duret hemorrhages
|
Paramedian artery rupture
- from caudal displacement of brainstem in uncal hemorrhage |
|
DMX - innervation
|
ANS: heart, lungs, upper GI
|
|
Nucleus ambiguous: function
|
Motor - swallow
|
|
NTS: function
|
Visceral sensory - taste, baroreceptors, gut distention
|
|
Measles virus missing an antigen -->
|
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
(missing M protein --> no Ab to M component of virus found) |