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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebellum
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Densest, tiniest neurons located in the back of the brain
Control motor control and smooth coordinated movement |
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Cerebral Cortex
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Sheet of cell bodies and neurons thought to be involved with higher order computing
Gray matter- computation White Matter- cabling |
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Occipital lobe
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deals with visual processing- large visual cortex area in the back of brain
2 streams of vision- "what" pathway and "where/how" pathway |
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Temporal Lobe
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Bottom of brain- contains audio processing
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Parietal
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postrior dorsal part of brain
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Frontal lobe
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Higher order functions, anterior of brain
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Amygdala
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connectivity between cerebral cortex and hypothalamus-very plastic (target of advertisements
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Hippocampus
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deals with short term memory, stores long-term memories
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Basal Ganglia
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involved with motivation to act and deals with action and reward, dopamine as a neurotransmitter
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Thalamus-
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processes senses and relays to cerebral cortex
also receives information (eye-->LGN--> Cortex--> Thalamus |
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Broca's area
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Area in control of speech formation
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Wernicke's area
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area that controls understanding of speech
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Layer I of Cortical Tissue
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Molecular--no cell bodies
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Layers II/III of Cortical Tissue
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Cell bodies project to other cortical areas
"feed forward" |
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Layer IV of Cortical Tissue
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Input layer--small cell bodies that have local projections
"granule cells" |
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Layers V and VI of Cortical Tissue
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project to subcortical structures
motor cortex-->spinal cord Large neurons (pyramidal cells) |
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Cortical Column
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vertical clump of cell bodies that helps process one type of information
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Dendrites
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cell body appendages that receive chemical stimuli and interact at the synapse
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Synapse
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space where axon meets the dendrite--receives chemical stimuli across synaptic cleft in the form of neurotransmitters that diffuse
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Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
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Increases voltage in dendrite
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Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
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drop in voltage
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Axon hillock
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location where axon protrudes from the cell body
Where EPSPs and IPSPs are summed and Action Potential begins to generate |
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Myelin Sheath
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fat wrapped around the axon to help action potential travel more efficiently
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Nodes of Ranvier
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gaps in the Axon that regenerate action potential
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Saltatory induction
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process which which action potential jumps from node to node
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Oligodendrocyte
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glia cell that produces myelin
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Gap Junction
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direct electrical connection rather than synaptic cleft in order for neurons to act in synchrony
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Blood Brain barrier-
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prevents certain chemicals from entering the brain and disrupting the balance of chemicals that the neurons have
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Hydrophilic Head and Hydrophobic carbon tail that make up the cell membrane
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord
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Perephiral nervous system
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nerves that are not in the central nervous system
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Somatic PNS
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part of PNS that produces voluntary movement
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Visceral PNS
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part of PNS that has involuntary movement
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Acetylcholine
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Primary neurotransmitter in parasympathetic nervous system
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Norepinephrine
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Primary neurotransmitter in sympathetic nervous system
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Nucleus of a solitary tract
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first projection for taste
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Superchiasmatic nucleus
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Structure above optic chasm that has input in the circadian rhythms of the body
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Circadian rhythms
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natural rhythms of biological functions (sleeping, eating) that are genetically entrained by light
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Magnocellular neurosecretary cells
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cells in Hypothalamus that project to posterior pituitary
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Parvocellular neurons in paracentricular nuclei
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neurons that project at project to pituitary and secrete releasing factors that reach the anterior pituitary through the portal system
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Portal system
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series of veins and capillaries that connect hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
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Lateral Hypothalamus
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part of hypothalamus that stimulates eating and drinking
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Medial Hypothalamus
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Part of hypothalamus that stimulates satiety
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Amygdala
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part of the brain crucial in linking emotions that sends dense projections to the hypothalamus
connects events and stimuli with emotion |
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Psychic blindness/ Kluver Bucy Syndrom
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Inability to recognize importance of events resulting from lesioned amygdala
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Beta waves
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Brain waives while awake
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Alpha waves
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brain waves during transitional sleep
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Theta waves
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waves in stages 1 and 2 of sleep, sometimes accompanied by sleep spindles
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Sleep spindles
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spikes from theta to alpha waves that occur during Stage 2
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Delta Waves
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slowest waves (.5-2 Hz) that occur during stages 3 and 4
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Meissner Corpuscles
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fluid filled sacs that are located near the edges of the papillary ridges. When tension is present, causes channels to open
Rapidly adapting |
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Merkel Discs
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Touch receptors located near the surface that are slowly adapting and are attached to skin cells
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Ruffini Ending
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Deep, slowly adapting mechanoreceptor that is anchored to the surrounding molecules
Stretch receptor responding to movement |
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Paccinian Corpuscles
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Largest of the receptors--deep and sensitive to mechanical energy
Rapidly adapting--sensitive to vibration |
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Two Channel System
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System used by color and temperature to distinguish temperature/color with a limited amount of receptors
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Golgi Tendon Organs
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mechanical receptor that is connected to muscle and tendon and measures tension and movement in muscles
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Joint receptors
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proprioceptive receptors that determine angle
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Muscle spindles
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proprioceptive receptors located in the muscle themselves that detect the length of the muscle
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Malleus
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Hammer, 1st bone in middle ear
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Incus
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Anvil, 2nd bone in middle ear
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Stapes
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Stirrup, 3rd bone in middle ear, moves in and out of oval window and amplifies the vibrations and transfers to chochlea
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Eustachian Tube
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helps equilibrate the air pressures in and out of the inner ear
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Otoliths
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organs in the vestibular system made out of calcium carbonate that detect changes in direction and linear acceleration
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Semicircular Canals
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Fluid filled canals that help measure balance--if they don't match the visual input then dizziness occurs
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Cochlea
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snail-like structure in the inner ear that contains the mechanism for converting vibrations into sound
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Scalar Vestibuli
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top cavity in cochlea meets the oval window
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Scalar media
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middle cavity in cochlea
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Scala tympani
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bottom cavity in cochlea- mets the round window
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Basilar Membrane
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Separates scala timpani and scala media and supports the organ of corti
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Reissner's membrane
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separtes scala vestiboli and scala media
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Tectorial Membrane
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membrane that goes over the organ of corti that transfers sound to the
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Medial Superior Olive
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Detects interhoral time differences, temporal calculations (axons have different lengths and action potentials reach at different times
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Lateral Superior Olive
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interhoral intensity differences
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