Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
simple distillation
|
a method of separating mixtures in which vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser
|
|
fractional distillation
|
the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize
|
|
steam distillation
|
a method of separating mixtures by introducing vaporized water, which depresses the boiling points of the compounds, allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures
|
|
vacuum distillation
|
a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor pressure causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s)
|
|
dynamic equilibrium
|
exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change
|
|
equilibrium vapor pressure
|
the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed system
|
|
total pressure
|
the sum of each gas's partial pressure
|
|
Dalton's law of partial pressures
|
the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases
|
|
boiling point
|
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor
|
|
normal boiling point
|
the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1 atm
|
|
pure liquid
|
generally boils at a constant temperature or over a narrow temperature range, provided the total pressure of the system remains constant
|
|
mixture
|
a material system made up of two or more substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically; boil over a fairly wide range
|
|
head temperature
|
the temperature read on the thermometer
|
|
pot temperature
|
will be elevated if the vapor pressure of a solution decreases
|
|
Raoult's Law
|
the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is directly dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of component present in the solution
|
|
mole fraction
|
the fraction of all molecules present in the liquid mixture that are molecules of a particular compound
|
|
ideal solution
|
solution in which the interactions between like molecules are the same as those between unlike molecules
|
|
liquid line
|
the lower line in a temperature vs. composition curve; gives the boiling points of all mixtures between two compounds
|
|
vapor line
|
the upper curve in a temperature vs. composition graph; the composition of the vapor phase in equilibrium with the boiling liquid phase at the same temperature
|
|
fractional distillation column
|
an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixtures into its component parts based on the differences in their volatilities
|
|
minimum-boiling azeotrope
|
a mixture of two or more liquids in such a way that its components cannot be altered by simple distillation; has a constant boiling point because the vapor in equilibrium with the liquid has a composition identical to that of the liquid itself
|
|
theoretical plate
|
a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish equilibrium with each other
|
|
height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP)
|
the vertical length of a column that is necessary to obtain a separation efficiency of one theoretical plate
|
|
hold-up
|
the condensate that remains in a column during and after distillation
|
|
temperature gradient
|
the difference in temperature between the top and bottom of the column
|
|
flooded column
|
a "plug" of liquid that may be observed within the distillation column, often at the joint between it and the stillpot
|
|
reflux ratio
|
the ratio of the amount of condensate returning to the stillpot and the amount of vapor removed as distillate per unit time
|
|
plateau
|
two will be observed in the fractional distillation of a typical binary mixture, with regard to temperature
|
|
immiscible
|
two or more substances that do not form a solution when mixed
|
|
stereoisomers
|
isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but that differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space
|
|
diastereomers
|
stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
|
|
geometric isomers
|
a form of stereoisomerism describing the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule
|
|
defense pheromone
|
volatile pheromone that usually forms a specific odor and is focused on alarm sensitivity
|