Origins Of Architecture : Second Exam

the piece at the apex of an arch or vault

an arched form above an enclosed space

is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance

a texture produced in ashlar masonry with deep cut 'V' or square joints to contrast with smooth masonry

building is one with free standing columns in the front (colonnaded portico), but the columns along the sides are engaged in the peripheral walls of the building.

is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault.

a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water.

The Roman circus (from Latin, "circle") was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire.

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Among canon of classical orders of classical architecture, the Tuscan order's place is due to the influence of the Italian Sebastiano Serlio, who meticulously described the five orders including a "Tuscan order", "the solidest and least ornate", in his fourth book

A voussoir is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch or vault.

is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve

is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults.

a succession of arches, each counterthrusting the next, supported by columns or piers or a covered walk enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians.

circular window, or rain-hole is a feature of Classical architecture since the 16th century.

structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere

also known as pozzolanic ash (pulvis puteolanus in Latin), is a fine, sandy volcanic ash. Pozzolanic ash was first discovered and dug in Italy, at Pozzuoli. It was later discovered at a number of other sites as well. Vitruvius speaks of four types of pozzolana: black, white, grey, and red, all of which can be found in the volcanic areas of Italy, such as Naples.

A string course or band course is a thin projecting course of brickwork or stone that runs horizontally around a building, typically to emphasize the junction between floors, or just below the eaves.

castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military defensive position

The events that did not require a lot of space, such as boxing and wrestling, were practised there. The palaestra functioned both independently and as a part of public gymnasia; a palaestra could exist without a gymnasium, but no gymnasium could exist without a palaestra.

large cold pool of Roman baths.

was the primary entry in the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing.

was an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating, used to heat houses with hot air.

an apartment building in ancient Rome that provided housing for all but the elite

open public space in the middle of a Roman city

was a room generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance

a large open space within a building usually with a glass roof

a lobby, entrance hall, or passage between the outer door and the interior of a building

was originally used to describe a Roman public building, usually located in the forum of a Roman town. Public basilicas began to appear in Hellenistic cities in the 2nd century BC.

is a slightly-projecting column built into or applied to the face of a wall.

is an architectural device, typically carved in stone and employed decoratively to emphasize the apex of a gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.

is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. The composite order volutes are larger, however, and the composite order also has echinus molding with egg-and-dart ornamentation between the volutes. The column of the composite order is ten diameters high.

broken triangular element

is a semicircular recess or plinth, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is sometimes set into a building's facade.

the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley (Silverman and Proulx, 2002).

"The Great Inca"
was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and later, the Emperor of the Inca Empire

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was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

The Toltec culture is an archaeological Mesoamerican culture that dominated a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, in the early post-classic period of Mesoamerican chronology (ca 800-1000 CE). The later Aztec culture saw the Toltecs as their intellectual and cultural predecessors and described Toltec culture emanating from Tollan (Nahuatl for Tula) as the epitome of civilization, indeed in the Nahuatl language the word "Toltec" came to take on the meaning "artisan".

??? - Atlantes was a powerful sorcerer featured in the chansons de geste. The sorcerer built a castle of iron in the Pyrenees to keep knights and ladies he had captured as a diversion for Ruggiero, a Saracen knight. Atlantes feared that Ruggiero would convert to Christianity and aid Charlemagne against the Saracens as he had foreseen through the use of the Book of Fates.

*Peru - Incan Empire
*c. 400 B.C.E.-800 C.E.
-Began to make large scale sculpture in the landscape
-doesn’t rain much, overlay of smaller stones, you move them and can begin to make a distinction in the landscape.
-boundary markers
-follow lines to water sources
-UNKNOWN

*Peru
*c. 1438-71
-discovered by Hiram Bingham
-inset forms into the hill = saddles
-terraces devoted to agriculture
-plans of prisons, kinds, industrial sector, main square
-NOT literate, used... knot tying
-ORGANIC building, did not build on a grid
-adaptation to the site
-classicism...
-no grid, no dominant axis, no symmetry/organization

*Teotihuacán (Mexico)
*c. 200 C.E.
*Pre-Columbian Meso-American
-second largest pyramid there
-devoted to great goddess of teotihuacan
-slope+panel system
-painted brilliant colors

*Teotihuacán (Mexico)
* c. 150 C.E.
*Pre-Columbian Meso-American

*Guatemala
*c. 250-870
*Pre-Columbian Meso-American
-lintel that represents a king sitting upon a jaguar throne
AH CACAO, for the ruler buried in the temple
-limestone stepped pyramid structure

*Uxmal (Mexico)
*??? 850-925 AD
*Pre-Columbian Meso-American
oLARGE FRIEZE, HUGE… told about Cach, god of the rain
oEssential doorway aligns with venus

*(Mexico), Chichén-Itza (Mexico)
*900-1521
*Pre-Columbian Meso-American

o91 steps on each side, making 365 days
oangle of the stairs makes a serpent pattern on the solstices

*Sanchi (India)
*3rd-1st century B.C.E.
*Buddhist Architecture
-earthen mounds... burial mounds for relics associated with buddha
-mound of earth enclosed by ashlar stone... surrounding wall
-four gates, CARDINAL directions
-ambulatory staircase, ritual of devotion, keep the site to the right hand side
-idea of PRODUCTION... simply walking around while praying to come to understand the teachings of Buddha
-BALASTERS - individual supports in the stairs
-TORANA gates = two piers and three horizontal lintels... symbolizes levels of personal enlightenment
-3-tier umbrella atop the mound

*(India)
*2nd century B.C.E.-1st century B.C.E.
*Buddhist Architecture
-cut into the cliffside...
-mixture of chaityas and viharas
-undisturbed
-excavated from the cliffiside
• THE WEST: Basic syntax… order of the parts is…
o Similar to Ancient Greece… capitals, lintels, frieze, cornice. All the basic parts. There is a good reason for this. The Greeks heavily influenced the Persians, Persians in turn influenced their neighbors which spread all the way to Asia. These building methods… there is a logic to this!
• INNER STUPA
o Basic form… Buddha placed in there… framed by columns.

*Ellora (India)
*750-950 C.E.
*Hindu Architecture
-o Entire building that is not constructed but cut out of a clif. Excavated down into the rock, CARVED out of the clifside, including the interior.
o Complex, ornamental language
o MASSIVE, extremely large.
o The world is held up on ELEPHANTS, stone elephants... SCALE
o Form of these buildings followed a set of rules
• Proportions, Sequences, Syntax, Language of Hinduism… iconography
*all determined by the science of building = VASTUVIDYA
*cosmological view = what the people believe this world looked like.

*Borobudur (Indonesia)
*c. 800
*Hindu Architecture
-o One large stupa in the center, surrounded by 72 stupas, those 72 stupas are framed by a series of 5 tiers. With an ambulatory all the way around… each one of the terraces with they are high so you do not see, until you come all the way to the top. A jogging, zig-zagging method of walking. Top is open, light and free…
o Metaphor…
• Lowest level – everyday life
• Middle – images of understanding the world… moving away from daily desire
• Next – becoming enlightened
• Top – fully enlightened, eat stupa on the top has a Buddha inside

*Cambodia
*c. 800-1400
*Hindu Architecture
-• Sits out on an island in a swampy area
• Huge stone complex
• Surrounding all artificial islands, are canals… or BARAYS, a dug canal
 Frame each temple complex
• Faces west, honoring the god VISHNU. Enter that way…
• High platform… series of enclosures
• Crossing at Axis, right angles.
• Not one SIKHARA (mountain) but a series of them… five, LARGE
• Mostly about mass… not about interior space
-All about courtyards and ambulatories
-Ambulatories… devotion
• Enter through a series of gates, GOPURAM
-Five towers arranged in a QUINCUNX plan.

*China
*221-210 B.C.E., faced and rebuilt during the 15th and 16th centuries
*Early China
-Korea to western China
-Defense of the Chinese heartland
-Originally an earthmound structure, extended and faced with stone = RAMMED EARTH
-CRENELATED Battlements - in which portions have been cut out at intervals to allow the discharge of arrows or other missiles.
- Corvee Labor - forced labor... taxes...

*Qin Shihung-ti (China)
*260-210 B.C.E.
*Early China
-Terracota soldiers
-Individual faces, wagons
-Whenever you need one, you bring one back to life
-Multiple tombs inside one another
-showed archeological advances of China
-Qin Shihung-ti united the empire of China

is a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, allows the cantilevers of the buildings to extend to great lengths, allows for hipped and half-hipped roofs.

***The pieces are fit together by joinery alone without glue or fasteners, due to the precision and quality of the carpentry.
***Dougong is part of the network of wooden supports essential to the timber frame structure of traditional Chinese building because the walls in these structures are not load-bearing (curtain walls), sometimes made of latticework, mud or other delicate material. Walls functioned to delineate spaces in the structure rather than to support weight.

*Beijing
*begun 1420
*Early China
-Ritual
-Parks = 3
-Circular prayer area - stupa-esque altar
-ROUND DOUGONG SYSTEM
-Blue tile = importance = the heavens = hierarchy of color
-3-tiered pagoda - Tsan-chien
-Prayer to hopes of good harvest

*Beijing
*1406-1470
*Early China
-Gold = royalty, hierarchy of colored tiles
AXIAL PLANE
-XIESHAN ROOF ontop of a...
-Chung-yen roof structure, with double eaves
-High Plinth!

*Beijing
*1406-1420
*Early China
-Golden roof
-Delicate staircase
-Dropped wooden lattice ceilin
-Modeled after Chinese houses and cities, the same, but on a GRANDER SCALE
-Chung-yen roof structure with double eaves

*Ise (Japan)
*5th century
*Japanese
-Japanese agricultural like architecture
-Shinto... idea of continual renewal... every 20 years... nearby site
-TORIIGATE - symbolizes the movement from outside to inside... no ornamentation, MORTISE & TENON
-scaling, materials the same
-silvers, greys then browns
-edges capped in BRONZE or brass to keep from splitting
-NATURAL, CLEAR AND CLEAN

*Nara, Japan
*c. 607
*Japanese
-dougong element from China
-4 places: Pagoda, teaching hall, religious hall and prayer hall
-selective elements in courtyard, mesh with Buddhism
-extent of cantilevers
-sparingness, Japanese aesthetic
-Huge wooden member, no nails, earthquake safe wood
-TORIGATE

*Nara
*c. 730
*Japanese
-Torigate into complex
-little painted, brown... whitewashed
-largest free standing building of its time
-Chinese aesthetic = coloring of wood
-columns going up = Chinese aesthetic
-extent of cantilevers
-construction SHOWN, nothing covered up

*Kyoto
*c. 1620
*Japanese
-loved by modernists
-sits contrived landscaping/gardens
-PICTURESQUELY COMPOSED
-simple geometries overlapping, inside and out.
-No art on the walls, but the view outside becomes your painting
-DETAILED EVERYWHERE

*Rome
*114 C.E.
*Caput mundi: Rome and Its Building Types
o Use columns as monuments
o In honor of the Roman Emperor Trajan
o Storyline through his life
• Spiraling constant frieze
• Chronological order of Trajan’s campaign
• Not devoted to the Gods, but human exploits!
Lots of militaristic friezes.
o COLUMN IS HOLLOW
• Can walk up to the top!
• Columns that don’t support anything

*Nîmes (France)
*c. 19 B.C.E.
*Caput mundi: Rome and Its Building Types
-Province of Gaul
-High Base
o Arranged as a portico in the front, base extends OUT to the edge of the staircase
o Cella walls pushed to the edge
• ONE CELLA, columns are engaged into the wall!
• PSEUDOPERIPTERAL (columns go all the way around)
o Often has NOT stone but BRONZE sculpture
o SCALE and LOOK of Roman temples
o LARGE, CENTRAL doors, these temples were often closed
o Individual wells on the ceailing… known as COFFERING
o ALL STONE

*Rome
*118-128 C.E.
*Caput mundi: Rome and Its Building Types
-temple devoted to all the gods
-octastyle/corinthian
-typically fronted by a peristyle. tetrastyle gate
-large blocks of cut stone in the FRONT
-rest of the building is CONCRETE
-OCULUS
-arches... trabeation... ornament not structure...
-coffering... bronze florets

*Rome
*72-80 C.E.
*Caput mundi: Rome and Its Building Types
-columns... doric>ionic>Corinthian
-travertine, low grade marble, brick, concrete
-floor was wood
-archuated corridors... annular+barrel = groin vault
-lower seating is stone, upper is wood
-cloth roofing
-naval ships?

*Rome
*212-216.
*The Roman Empire
-Emperor Caracalla
-Roman brick, faced with stone
-archuated forms and domes
-GRANDEUR... mosaics... flooring
-pool = tepidarium, frigidarium, caldarium
-1,000 people
-PILASTERS
-composite order (ionic + corinthian), none are structural!
-HYPOCAUST system
-PALAESTRA frames entire building

*Rome
*98-112 C.E.
*The Roman Empire

oBasilica of Constantine and Maxentius, Rome, 307-after 312.
o SCROLLS
o Series of columns…
o Peristyle
o Trajan’s maket (Trajan’s shopping mall, e levels!

*Spalato (Split, Croatia)
*c. 300 C.E.
*The Roman Empire
o CASTRUM form house… it is the OUTER FORM that is most interesting!
o Individual buildings
• Octagonal building (newer idea… newer form)
• ASHLAR MASONRY!
• Peripteral and octagonal
• Taking a pediment and reframing it to show a bump/arch.
• MERGING the language of trabeation and archuation.
• Entablature begins to be FREESTANDING
• ARCHES combined with LINTEL = FLAT ARCH??? Becomes a standard

is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship.

A chaitya is a Buddhist or Jain shrine including a stupa.[1] In modern texts on Indian architecture, the term chaitya-griha is often used to denote assembly or prayer hall that houses a stupa.

Toranas are associated with Buddhist stupas like the Great Stupa in Sanchi, as well as with Jain and Hindu structures, and also with several secular structures. Symbolic toranas can also be made of flowers and even leaves and hung over the doors and at entrances, particularly in Western and Southern India. They are believed to bring good fortune and signify auspicious and festive occasions.

The term is sometimes applied to the procession way around the east end of a cathedral or large church and behind the high altar.[

Circumbulatory or pathway around the shrine of the temples by keeping time is a common form of prayer in India. This pathway made of stone around the shrine is called Pradakshina path.

Śikhara, a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North India. Sikhara over the sanctum sanctorum where the presiding deity is enshrined is the most prominent and visible part of a Hindu temple of North India.

gateway-towers of south Indian temples, called "Gopurams", which are perhaps the most prominent features of those temples.

plinth is the base or platform upon which a column, pedestal, statue, monument or structure rests.

A baray is an artificial body of water which is a common element of the architectural style of the Khmer Empire of Southeast Asia.

In architecture, a quincuncial plan, also defined as a "cross-in-square", is the plan of an edifice composed of nine bays. The central and the four angular ones are covered with domes or groin vaults so that the pattern of these domes forms a quincunx; the other four bays are surmounted by barrel vaults.[5]

A battlement (also called a crenellation) in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e. a short wall), in which portions have been cut out at intervals to allow the discharge of arrows or other missiles.

A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered tower with multiple eaves

a type of roof where all sides are sloped

truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.

A spandrel, less often spandril or splaundrel, is the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure.

is a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, one of the most important elements in traditional Chinese architecture.

A cantilever is a beam anchored at only one end. The beam carries the load to the support where it is resisted by moment and shear stress.[1] Cantilever construction allows for overhanging structures without external bracing. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.

A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.

is a traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks the transition from the profane to the sacred

The mortise[1] and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°.

is a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms. Traditionally made of rice straw to form the core (though nowadays sometimes the core is composed of compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam), with a covering of woven soft rush (igusa) straw, tatami are made in standard sizes, with the length exactly twice the width. Usually, on the long sides, they have edging (heri) of brocade or plain cloth, although some tatami have no edging.[1]

space between columns

-hipped roofs-A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid.

-half-hipped roofs-A half-hip, clipped-gable or jerkin head roof has a gable, but the upper point of the gable is replaced by a small hip, squaring off the top of the gable