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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The K-shell can hold a max of ____ electrons
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2
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The L-shell can hold a max of ____ electrons
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8
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The M-shell can hold a max of ____ electrons
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18
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This is the interaction between the positive and negative charges that keeps the electrons constantly attracted to the atoms nucleus
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Binding energy
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Which electron shell has the highest binding energy
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K (or whichever is closest to the nucleus)
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When describing the binding energy, it is depicted by a ________
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negative sign
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What does the binding energy tell us
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In order to completely remove an electron from the atom you would need that much energy
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If the BE of the K shell was -13.5eV and the BE of the L shell was -3.4eV. How much energy would it take to move an electron from the K shell to the L shell
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BE L shell - BE Kshell=
-3.4 - (-13.5)= 10.1 eV |
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When we say that each particle has a charge, we mean that each unit of charge is equal to ______
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1.6 x 10E-19 coulombs
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What is the charge of a proton
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+1.6 x 10E-19 coulombs
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What is the charge of an electron
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-1.6 x 10E-19 coulombs
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What is the SI unit for energy
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joule
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What is the British system unit for energy
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erg
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What are the 3 units of energy we will be using in this course
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joule
erg eV |
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1eV = how many joules
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1eV= 1.6 x 10E-19 joules
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1eV = how many ergs
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1eV= 1.6 x 10E-12 ergs
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How much energy would we need to add to remove an electron from an atom completely
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the binding energy of the shell it is on
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T/F
All electrons in an electron shell have the same binding energy |
False
there are slight variations |
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What determines the chemical properties of an atom
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the electronic configuration
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What determines the stability on an atom
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the nuclear configuration
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What term goes hand in hand with the term stability
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radioactivity
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If an atom is stable it is_______
If an atom is unstable it is ________ |
stable = not radioactive
unstable = radioactive |
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The mass of a proton and the mass of a neutron are almost the same, but the ______ actually has a greater mass
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neutron
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The atomic mass unit (amu) is a way for us to discuss the......
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mass of an atom
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1 amu is equal to........
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1 amu = 1/12 of the mass of a carbon 12 atom =
1.66 x 10^-27 kg |
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A carbon 12 atom is equal to how many kilograms
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1.6605x10E-27 kg
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A nuclide is a _________
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nuclear configuration
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If a nuclide is unstable it is _____ and is refered to an a _______
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radioactive
radionuclide |
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The atomic number is abbreviated by the what letter
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Z
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The mass number is abbreviated by what letter
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A
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The atomic number represents the.......
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number of protons in the nucleus
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The mass number represents the........
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number of protons and neutrons in the nuclues
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If an atom has 1 proton and 1 neutron what is its atomic number.
What is its mass number |
Atomic number of 1
Mass number of 2 |
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A carbon 12 atom has how many protons and how many neutrons. How can we figure this out. What is the atomic number?
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The 12 is the mass number, so we know it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Atomic number is 6 (all carbon has 6 protons) |
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What is the mass number of Tecnesium 99
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99 (duh)
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What does the term nucleon describe.
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The number of particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus
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Tridium has a mass number of 3 and an atomic number of 1. Is it stable? Is it radioactive?
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unstable
radioactive We know this because we can see it has a mass number of 3 and an atomic number of 1. So it has 3 particles in its nucleus, and one of them is a proton. This atom is unstable so it is radioactive |
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Deterium has a mass number of 2 and an atomic number of 1. Is it stable? Is it radioactive?
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stable
not radioactive We know this because we can see it has a mass number of 2 and an atomic number of 1. So it has 2 particles in its nucleus, and one of them is a proton. This atom is stable so it is not radioactive |
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Define an isotope.
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any two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus, or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or different atomic numbers.
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Since like charges repel each other, what keeps the nucleus from splitting apart
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the strong nuclear force
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The ______ is the force that is trying to push the particles in the nucleus apart and the _______ is the force that hold the nucleus together.
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electrostatic force
strong nuclear force |
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The strong nuclear force is _____ times stronger than the electrostatic force
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100
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How many atomic mass units make up a carbon 12 aotm
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12 amu
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Break down and weigh each particle of a carbon 12 atom
With this, explain the mass defect |
We can see that a carbon 12 atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. So....
We multiply each by the amu for each.... Pro 6 (1.007276) = 6.04366 Neu 6 (1.008665) = 6.05199 Ele 6 (.000549) = 0.00329 If you add all these up to total 12.09894 amu, you can see the mass of all the particles (when weighed seperatly) is actually more than the weight of the atom. This describes the mass defect. If you take the total weight of the atoms and subtract the mass number you get the mass defect 12.09894 amu - 12 = .09894amu So a carbon 12 atom has a mass defect of .09894 amu |
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What is the atomic mass unit of a proton
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1.007276 amu
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What is the atomic mass unit of a neutron
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1.008665 amu
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What is the atomic mass unit of a electron
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.000549 amu
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Define the mass defect
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When the mass of the parts weighs more than the entire atom.
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The mass defect represents the.......
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amount of energy that has to be applied to the nucleus to seperate the protons and neutrons (aka, the amount of force that needs to be applied to overcome the strong nuclear force)
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The nuclear binding energy is derived from the.....
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mass defect
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What is the relationship between mass and energy
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E=mc^2
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In the formula E=mc^2
what does the E represent what does the m represent what does the c represent |
E = energy in joules
m = mass in kg c = velocity of light in a vacuum |
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What is the velocity of light
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2.998 x 10^8 m/s
or 3 x 10^8 m/s |
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We typically measure the mass of an atom in _____
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atomic mass units (amu)
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1 amu equals.......
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1/12 of a carbon 12 atom
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So we know that 1 amu = 1.66 x 10 ^-27 kg.
So what is the energy in joules of 1 amu What is the energy of 1 amu in MeV |
E = mc^2
E = (1.66x10^-27kg)(3x10^8m/s)^2 (make sure to square both units) E = 1.492x10^-10 kg m^2/s^2 (aka E = 1.492 x 10 ^-10 J) This can be further converted to MeV by using more dimensional analysis with 1MeV = 1.602x10^-13 J So 1.49 x 10^-10 J = 931 MeV (so to cut all the bull shit 1 amu = 931 MeV) |
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1 amu equals how many electron volts
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see very end of notes on 9-30-11. Its too many numbers with too much suprascript and dimentional analysis to put on here and im too lazy
answer is 931 x 10^6 eV |
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The nuclear binding energy of a carbon 12 atom is _____MeV
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92 MeV
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Alpha particle has __ protons and __ neutrons and is essentially the same as _____ without its electrons
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2
2 helium |
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Taking something with a lower mass and making it have a larger mass number describes fission or fusion
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Fusion
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Taking atoms with a higher mass and bringing them back to a smaller mass by breaking them apart,describes fission or fusion
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Fission
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Which is used more frequently, fission or fusion
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fission
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So every time an atom splits (fission) how much energy is released
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200 MeV of energy
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Describe what happens in fission
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We have an atom such as uranium-235 in a nuclear reactor, and we introduce a neutron. The neutron is absorbed into the uranium and we end up with uranium-236 which is fissionable. The uranium-236 breaks apart, and every time it breaks apart we get different types of atoms, and we get somewhere close to 200 MeV of energy that is relased. When it is released the energy heats up water which turns into steam which turns a turbin and produces electricity.
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What are the 2 main problems with fission?
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-How to shut it down
-The fission products (such as the krypton and barium) are radioactive and many if them have long half lives. These are not useful and cant be converted into fuel, so they are nuclear waste. |
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Fusion produces about ______ of energy
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5.4MeV
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Fission produces about ______ of energy
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200 MeV
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Whats the problem with fusion?
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To make fusion happen we need huge amount of energy to fuse the atoms wioth the protons. So much that it takes more energy to make it happen then the end result. So we actually lose energy.
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So why is fusion better than fission?
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Because we don’t end up with nuclear waste
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Why do we use fission instead of fusion?
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It takes more energy to make a fusion reaction happen then the resulting energy. It’s a losing process.
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The sun is an example of fission or fusion?
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Fusion
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A hydrogen bomb is an example of fission or fusion?
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Fission creates the heat to cause the fusion to occur.
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The term “iso” means _______
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same
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__________ have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons
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Isotopes
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The Z number is the same and the A number is different in an iso_______
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isotope
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A ______ has the same atomic number and different mass number
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isotope
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________ have the same number of neutrons and different number of protons
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Isotones
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The Z number is different and the A number is different in an iso________
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isotone
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A _____ has a different atomic number and a different mass number
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isotone
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_________ have different number of protons and a different number of neutrons, but the mass number is the same
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Isobars
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The Z number is different and the A number is the same in an iso_______
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Isobar
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A _____has a different atomic number and the same mass number
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isobar
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_______ have the same number of protons and the same number of neutrons
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Isomers
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There are the same Z number and the same A number in an iso______
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isomer
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_____ has the same atomic number and same mass number
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isomer
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Sulfur, chlorine, and argon all have 20 neutrons, and different numbners of protons. Does this describe an isotpoe, isotone, isobar, or an isomer
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isotone
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Hydrogen-3 has 1 proton and 2 neutrons, helium-3 has 2 protons and 1 neutrons, but the mass number is the same. Does this describe an isotpoe, isotone, isobar, or an isomer
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isobar
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technesium- 99 and technesium-99m are an example of an isotpoe, isotone, isobar, or an isomer
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isomer
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technesium-99m decays to a metastable state where the number of ______ and _______ are the same, the ______ number is also the same, but it still has excess energy which results in the emission of a _________
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protons
neutrons mass gamma ray |
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if the mass number is the same they are _______
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isobars
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if the atomic number is the same they are ______
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isotopes
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if the number of neutrons is the same (mass number - atomic number) we know they are ______
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isotones
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if everything is the same in an atom (ie, protons, neutrons, etc) it is an ______
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isomer.
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An atom has an atomic number (Z#) of 1 and a mass number (A#) of 3
It is hydrogen-3 and is not stable (radioactive). What makes it radioactive? When it tries to reconfigure itself we will get a _______ |
It is radioactive because the proton to neutron ratio is unbalanced and it will attempt to stabilize itself by reconfiguring. When it reconfigured, we would get out a beta particle
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With beta particles, the negative charge comes from the _____
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neutron, so that neutral charge in the nucleus is now positive
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An atom with one proton and two neutrons emits a beta particle. What is left in the nucleus
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two protons and one neutron
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What is disintegration.
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When a nuclide emits a charged particle from the nucleus
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The unit for radioactivity is
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disintegrations per unit time
dpm or dps |
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Disintegrations per second is actually measuring how many......
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disintegrations are coming off a material per second
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Is counts per second (cps) a unit for radioactivity
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no
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The common unit for radioactivity is the
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Curie (Ci)
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The international unit for radioactivity is the
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Bequerel (Bq)
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1Ci = how many dps
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3.7 x 10^10 dps
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1 Bq = how many Curie
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1 Ci
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1 Ci = how many Bequerel
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3.7 x 10^10 Bq
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You can predict the number of atoms that will disintegrate in a unit of time. This is based on this constant called the _________
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decay constant
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What is the formula for the decay constant
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ƛ = 0.693
T½ |
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The ________ is the time it takes for 50% of the activity to decay.
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half life
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At one half life we end up with _______ of the activity.
At 2 half lives we end up with _____ of the activity. |
50%
25% |
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If you increase ƛ the half life gets larger or smaller
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smaller
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What is the formula for activity
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A =ƛN
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activity is measured in _____
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dps
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ƛ =
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decay constant (0.693 / T ½)
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N =
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number of atoms
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So if we have 10^12 atoms and a half life of 1 year, what is the activity?
Give the answer in bequerel curie,and microcurie. |
2.1 X 10^4 Bq
5.68 x 10^-7 Ci .568 uCi |
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What is the formula for finding how much radioactivity is left after a certain amount of time?
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A= Ao E^(-ƛT)
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Ao=
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original activity
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ƛ =
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0.693 / (T½)
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t =
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elapsed time
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So if we have an original activity of 2 Ci with a half life of 2 hours and an elapsed time of 2 hours, what is the activity?
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1 Ci
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A= Ao E^(-ƛT)
If you have: A = 5 Ci Ao = 12 Ci T ½ = 1 HR Solve for elasped time |
1.25 hours
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Ao = 10 Ci
T½ = 1 hr t = 5 hrs Solve for activity |
34.65 Ci
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Thsi is essentially a helium nucleus without the electrons
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alpha particle
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______emission occurs when the neutron to proton ration is too low
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alpha
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What does Q represent
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total energy release
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Every alpha particle results in a reduction of 2 in the ________.
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atomic number
We always lose 2 protons b/c an alpha particle has 2 protons |
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In the case of alpha particles, how do we get total energy released of Q.
Is Q the energy of the alpha particle? What do we need to take into account? |
Q = Mp – Md - M∝ - 2Me-
No Recoil |
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If you have Q = 0.0058amu, find the total energy released
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multiply it by 931 MeV
it equals 5.4 MeV |
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Which particles are large enough that when they come off of the atom they produce some recoil
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alpha
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recoil particles push off of the parent of daughter
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daughter
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_______particles are essentially monoenergetic for a specific radionuclide
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Alpha
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are we concerned with recoil in beta particles
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Beta particles are so small that the daughter atom is not going to recoil, so with beta particles we are not worried about recoil
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The lowest mass beta emitter is ______
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tritium (hydrogen 3).
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_______particles are not monoenergetic
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Beta
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These have infinity small mass, has no charge, has no biological effects, can pass through without damage to tissue.
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antineutrino
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What are the two things that exist when we get total energy release of Q (Q is divided into these two things)
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beta and antineutrino
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