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average disproportionality of income; lack of collateral

rich people spend much or these incomes on imported luxury goods.

introduced by Gary Fields

enlarging the size of its modern sector while maintaining constant wages in both sectors.

growth is limited to a fixed number of people in the modern sector

all benefits of growth are divided among traditional-sector workers

by Simon Kuznet; graph reflecting relationship between country’s income per capita and its equality of income distribution.

distributive implications of economic growth as reflected in such factors as participation in the growth process and asset ownership.

one-third of all people who are income poor at any one time are chronically (always) poor

most valid generalizations about the poor are that they are disproportionately located in rural areas, that they are primarily engaged in agricultural and associated activities, that they are more likely to be women and children than adult males

substantial majority of the world’s poor as women become inferior

Indigenous Populations, and Poverty- final generalization about the incidence of poverty in the developing world is that it falls especially heavily on minority ethnic groups and indigenous populations.

actual amount available for expenditure on goods and services and for saving

The ownership of land, physical capital (factories, buildings, machinery, etc.), human capital, and financial resources that generate income for owners.

Policies geared to reducing income inequality and expanding economic opportunities in order to promote development, including income tax policies, rural development policies, and publicly financed services.

A deliberate attempt to reorganize and transform existing agrarian systems with the intention of improving the distribution of agricultural incomes and thus fostering rural development.

relationship between annual percentage increases and the time it takes for a population to double in size

The threshold population level anticipated by Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) at which population increase was bound to stop because life sustaining resources, which increase at an arithmetic rate, would be insufficient to support human population, which would increase at a geometric rate.

wracked by violence per decade; combating Islamist insurgency group

facing severe food insecurity due to high levels of violence, currency depreciation, the fallout from the war in Ukraine, and supply disruptions; Intense flooding has also held back activity.

Ebola epidemic rocked the economy, impacting employment and trade; vulnerable to climate change

constrained by a reliance on subsistence agriculture and a single cash crop, tobacco; high public debt is likely crowding out private investment, while electricity blackouts will be denting business activity.

weak central government, with armed rebel groups operating freely in the country and enjoying control over large swathes of the national territory.

The lives of 6 million children could be saved globally each year through more effective primary care. However, half of the world’s population cannot access essential health services.