Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 kingdoms?
|
1. Planta
2. Animalia 3. Protista 4. Monera 5. Fungi |
|
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
|
Helminths and Arthropods
|
|
PLATYHELMINTHES
|
trematodes and cestodes
(Helminths) |
|
NEMATHELMINTHES
|
nematodes
(helminths) |
|
ACANTHOCEPHALANS
|
thorney headed worms
(helminths) |
|
ANNELIDS
|
segmented worms
(helminths) |
|
INSECTA
|
flies, bots, lice, fleas
|
|
ARACHNIDA
|
ticks, mites
|
|
PARASITE
|
an organism which lives on (ectoparasite) or in (endoparasite) another living organism at whose expense ir obtains some advantage.
|
|
ERRATIC OR ABERANT PARASITE
|
an organism which wanders from its usual site of infection
|
|
FREE-LIVING PARASITE
|
an organism which is capable of living in the environment and leading a nonparasitic existance
|
|
DEFINITIVE HOST
|
a host that harbors the adult sexual or mature stage of the parasite, usually defined as the final host.
|
|
INTERMEDIATE HOST
|
harbors at least one developmental stage of the parasite before transferring it to another host
|
|
TRANSPORT OR PARATENIC HOST
|
harbors a stage of the parasite which does not undergo a developmental stage in the host
|
|
RESERVIOR HOST
|
a vertebrate host in which a parasite or disease occurs naturally and is a source of infection
|
|
CARRIER HOST
|
carry the parasie but do not show signs of illness
|
|
How often should dogs/cats have fecal exams
|
every 6 months, but at least once a year
|
|
Proper fecal collection
|
less than 24h 1tbsp (tsp needed) refrigerate, sealed platic or glass device.No paper products
|
|
Handling fecal sample in lab
|
Keep good records, lab log, label all samples (name, date species)
handle with caution, gloves, clean up immediately wash hands |
|
GROSS EXAMINATION
|
Age of sample,Blood, Color, Consitency
Foreign materials, mucus, parasites |
|
MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION
|
10x to scan, 40x for protozoans
scan al fields of view, review edges when done. |
|
+
++ +++ |
+ few ova seen (rare)
++ btw few & 1/field (few/mod) +++ 1+/field of view (many) |
|
FLOTATION SOLUTIONS
|
Sodium Nitrate
Zinc Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate Saturated sodium chloride Sugar (sheather's) |
|
NaNO3
|
efficient in floating ova, even nematode.
expensive, crystals & air bubbles, distort ova, float debris. |
|
ZnSO4
|
floats proozoan little distortion.
may distort heminths |
|
Sheather's (sugar solution)
|
doesn't distort helminths, doesn't crystallize, inexpensive, long shelf life
sticky, slow rise, attract bugs, distor larva and tremaodes |
|
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FECAL DEVICES
|
Ovatector
Ovassay Plus Fecalyzer |
|
DEWORMING PUPPY
|
2,4,6,8 weeks
fecal 2-4 times first year |
|
DEWORMING KITTEN
|
3,5,7,9 weeks
fecal 2-4 times forst year |
|
ARTIFACTS?
|
slide clean? objective lense clean? more than one?
symmetrical? Intestinal system? nucleus? reflective? Rough or smooth edge |
|
NEMATODE CHARACTERISTICS
|
straight complete intestine, epithelial cells, cylindrical, tapered ends, large body cavity
well developed, muscular esophagus, digestive tube and excretory system |
|
How do nematodes move?
|
appears as longitudinal waves of contraction
|
|
How many life stages do nematods have?
Which is the infective stage? |
5 life stages
L3 is usually the infective stages |
|
What are the 4 nematode stages?
|
1. adult
2. pre-infective 3. infective 4. pre-adult |
|
What are the 4 nematode transitions?
|
1. contamination
2. development 3. infection (l3) 4. maturation |
|
Dirofilaria immitis
|
Heartworm
K-Animalia P-nemathelminthes |
|
Dirofilaria immitis
Microfilaria |
larval stages l1-l5
tapered ant, blunt post stationary sluggish motion 295-325um straight body |
|
D. immitis
ADULT |
found in the R and L ventricles and pulmonary arteries
F-14" M-9" |
|
D. immitis
INTERMEDIATE HOST |
mosquito 60+ speciec worldwide
|
|
D. immitis
DEFINITIVE HOST |
dogs (wild canid) cats, ferrets
|
|
D. immitis
LIFE SPAN |
adult- up to 5 yrs
microfilaria- up to 30 mnth |
|
D. immitis
L1 |
adults produce l1. Mosquito ingests l1 in bloodstream.
Larva stay in mosquito's midgut 1 day then migrate and develop into l2 |
|
D. immitis
L2 |
Larva 10 days after infection then turn into L3
|
|
D. immitis
L3 |
Infective stage larva 3 days later. Migrate to mouthprts and find host
|
|
D. immitis from mosquito to host
|
mosquito inserts probiscis into host, l3 migrate out through mouthparts onto skin in a "hemolytic pool" Mosquito removes probiscis, l3 migrate through hole left.
|
|
D. immitis
L4 |
reside in sq tissues and muscles of abdomen and thorax for 2-3 months.
|
|
D. immitis
L5 |
Juvenile adults
migrate via bldstrm to cranial/caudal venacava through R atria snd lodge w/i the R ventricle and pulm arteries where they mature |
|
How long does the D. immitis life cycle take?
|
6 months for dog
8 months for a cat |
|
When are D. immitis microfilaria most susceptible to death by daily preventatives?
|
During the L3-L4 molt
|
|
When is are D. immitis microfilaria most susceptible to death by the monthly preventatives?
|
From l3 to the termination of L4
|
|
How many D. immitis adults can live in the dogs heart?
|
1 to 250
|
|
D. immitis
CHRONIC INFECTION |
1. Dead worm arterial thrombosis, pulm hypertension from thrombosis and iflmtn due to myointimal proliferation.
2. Inflammation and lesions of lung lobes |
|
MYOINTIMAL PROLIFERATION
|
assoc with chronic D. immitis
cells on vessel walls causing thickening due to irritation from th worms |
|
D. immitis
MILDER CASES |
dyspnea, cough, exercise intolerance, wt.loss, lethargy, poor body condition
|
|
D. immitis
MODERATE CASES |
syncope, hemoptysis, abdominal distension, split S2 sound, murmurs, cardiac gallop, jug distension and pulse
|
|
D. immitis
SEVERE CASES |
splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites
|
|
D. immitis
ACUTE INFECTION |
Venacava syndrome, liver failure, collapse, death
3-5yo never on hwp hemoglobinuria.No standard therapy. manually remove wrms through jugular |
|
D. immitis
DIAGNOSIS |
Signs, hx, detect circulating microfilaria, rads (bkwds D)cardiology, granulocytosis, serology
|
|
D. immitis
ANTIGEN TEST |
best test becuase of "occult hw cases" (no L1)because of preventatives that supress or kill L1
|
|
D. immitis
MICROFILARIAL TEST |
1.direct preparation
2.buffy coat 3.millipore filtration 4.modified knotts test |
|
PRE-ADULTICIDE TREATMENT
|
build up system w/ diet vitamins, rid of parasites
cbc/prof Rad/angiography/ultrasound |
|
ADULTICIDE TREATMENT
MILD/MODERATE CLINICAL SIGNS |
2 im (lumbodorsal) inj 24hrs apart repeat in 4 months if necessary
|
|
ADULTICIDE TREATMENT
SEVERE CLINICAL SIGNS |
give 1 im inj.
1mnth later give 2 im inj 24 hrs apart |
|
IMMITICIDE
|
adulticide treatment arsenic
Melarsomine Dihydrochloride |
|
POST- ADULTICIDE TREATMENT
|
Strict confinement. 4-6 weeks, leash walk, quiet calm, poss meds (aspirin), vitamins and dietary instuctions
|
|
MICROFILARICIDE TREATMENT
|
Heartgard, or interceptor
Bovine Ivomec |
|
D. immitis
RETESTING |
ADULTS 4 mnths post with antigen
MICROFILARIA microfilarial test 1 mnth post |
|
IVERMECTIN, PYRANTEL
|
Heartgard, Triheart plus, Iverheart
rounds, hooks |
|
MILBEMYCIN OXIME
|
Interceptor
round, hook,whips |
|
DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE, OXIBENDAZOLE
|
Filaribits plus
rounds, hooks, whips |
|
MOXIDECTIN
|
Proheart
inj-hooks |
|
MILBEMYCIN OXIME, LUFENUERON
|
Sentinal
rounds, hook, whip, fleas |
|
SELAMECTIN
|
Revolution
round, hooks cats fleas, ticks, earmites, mange |
|
Dirofilaria immitis
FELINE PATIENT |
need to be exposed to many more L3. L4 can become ectopic
adults live 2yrs smaller 1-9 burden, usually males, 80% of cats occult |
|
D. immitis
Why are tests less diagnostically significant in cats? |
low worm burden-antigen
cats can spontaneously recover and antibody tests for exposure |
|
What signs can feline D. immitis mimic?
|
1.Paragonimus kellicotti
2.Aelurostrongylus abstrusus 3.feline asthma or bronchitis 4.cardiomyopathy 5.fur balls |
|
D. immitis FELINE
when are cats most at risk? |
when worms first reach heart (L5)
and when adults first start to die |
|
FELINE HEARTWORM FACTS
|
fewer mosquitoes will feed.
microfilaria only live 1 month, poor reservoir hosts |
|
ARDS
|
acute respiratory distress syndrome
HW in fel can cause an intense reaction in lungs resulting in ARDS |
|
D. immitis FELINE
CARDIAC SIGNS |
pulm hypertension R sided heart failure and cardiac signs minimal.
|
|
D. immitis FELINE
What happens in L5 |
100 days post bite immunologic response causes asthma like symptoms. after adults signs disappear and become intermittent
|
|
PIMS
|
Pulm Intravascular Macrophages
cats spec macrophages. envelope and digest materials. |
|
What happens when adult heartworms start to die off in the feline pateint?
|
PIMs cause an intense reaction wich irritates the lungs and cause them to stop functioning
|
|
D. immitis FELINE
CLINICAL SIGNS |
4-7 months post bite int asthma like sign
When worms begin to die acute death acute signs chronic signs |
|
D.immitis FELINE
CHRONIC SIGNS |
coughing vomiting dyspnea lethargy anorexia wt. loss
|
|
D. immitis
ACUTE SIGNS |
collapse dyspnea convulsions diarrhea/vomiting blindness tachycardia syncope sudden death
|
|
What are the most common signs of D.immitis in the FELINE
|
1.vomiting
2.respiratory signs 3.wtloss 4.anorexia |
|
Why vomiting in a cat with D. immitis
|
a release of substance by cells which regulate the inflammatory procss in the lungs wich stimulate the area of the brain that can trigger vomiting
|
|
D. immitis FELINE
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS |
cbc(nRBC,anemia, basophilia) rads fecal(other par) EKG echocardiography tracheal wash (eos par) arteriogram antibody antigen
|
|
D. immitis FELINE
ANTIGEN TESTING |
don't detect males or early infections(l6m)low# of fem.
Positive is a defenitive dx of heartworm |
|
D.immitis FELINE
ANTIBODY TESTING |
screening for cats, exposure fails to determine adults
|
|
THIACETARSAMIDE
|
Caparsolate
tx for feline hw 30-50% cats die from sudden death of worms. oxygen cage 2wks hospital |
|
D.immitis FELINE
CORTICOSTEROID TX |
qod for short time watch for signs of dyspnea or cyanosis
|
|
ADULTICIDEIN COMPLICATIONS IN CATS
|
1.pulmoanry edema
2.embolism 3.anorexia 4.sudden death |
|
D.immitis FELINE
ALTERNATIVE TX |
mechanical removalof adultworms(risky)
put on heartworm preventative (still talk) |
|
D. immitis FELINE
POST TREATMENT |
antigen test 12wks post adulticide
prevention |
|
FELINE HEARTWORM PREVENTATIVE
|
Heartgard for cats, interceptor for cats(higher dose than dogs)
Revolution |
|
What does ELISA stand for?
|
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
|
|
COMPONENTS OF ELISA
|
1.solid phase or test surface
2.sample 3.conjugate 4.wash solution 5.chromogen |
|
WHOLE BLOOD
|
antigoagulant rbc wbc plasma serum
|
|
PLASMA
|
fibrinogen
|
|
SERUM
|
no fibrinogen
|
|
What is the basic principle of ELISA technology
|
when conjugate and chromogen combine, you will ALWAYS get a color change
|
|
CHROMOGEN
|
a reagent which changesor produces color when exposed to a catalyst
|
|
CONJUGATE
|
an antibody that has been bound or conjugated to an enzyme
|
|
DIROCHECK
|
serum or plasma
refrigerate 15 minutes single or batch |
|
POSITIVE CONTROL
|
tells you that when you ran the test, the reagents contained in the kitwere functioning properly
|
|
NEGATIVE CONRTOL
|
tells you that the operator of the test ran the test properly and according to the directions
|
|
MEMBRANE ELISA KIT
Idexx snap |
less dependent on user technique than microwell
whole blood, plasma, serum refrigerate 10 minutes |
|
ICT
|
Immunochromatographic Technology
latex and gold staining replace enzyme/chrom |
|
BENEFITS OF ICT TESTS
|
greater test stability=room temp storage
no wash step |
|
COMPONENTS OF ICT TEST
|
solid phase
sample colloidal gold or latex conjugate +/- flow solution |
|
FALSE POSITIVE TESTS
|
sample quality
inadequate washing overincubation defective test cross-reaching protein in sample |
|
Toxocara canis
|
Large Roundworms of dogs
|
|
T. canis
OVA |
round thick braided outer membrane, large round dark nuclei. infective in 2-4wks in soil. can survive in soil for years
|
|
T. canis
ADULTS |
spaghetti-like seen in feces f-20cm m-10cm
most puppies are born with them |
|
T.canis
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION |
1.direct (trachael somatic)
2.transmammary 3.transplacental 4.predation of paratenic |
|
HYPOBIOTIC
|
encysted larva that can be reactivated during high stress
|
|
T.canis
TRACHAEL (HEPATOTRACHAEL) TRANSMISSION |
Puppies eggs in soil swallowed by dog hatch in stomach penatrate the intestinal mucosa migrate-liver-lungs-cough-swallow migrate, mature in small intestine 1month
|
|
T. canis
SOMATIC MIGRATION |
adults eggs swallowed hatch in stomah migrate to tissues.
hypobiotic |
|
T.canis
TRANSPLACENTAL |
hypobiotic larva reactivate during pregnancy. enter puppies in utero during 3rdtri (d42)larva take trachael route pos 3wks
|
|
T.canis
TRANSMAMMARY |
hypobiotic pregnancy lactation shed in milk swallowed tracheal route adults in 2-3wks
|
|
T.canis
PREDATION OF PARATENIC HOSTS |
least common for dogs ingested in soil by phost. larva hatch in stomach somatic route. dog eats rodent(or uncooked meat) larva reactivates and develops in si 3-4wks
|
|
T. canis
CLINICAL SIGNS |
puppies, lack of growth loss of condition dull hair coat, potbelly, vomiting worms, D/C, cough, bacterial pneumonitis, anemia
|
|
T.canis
DIAGNOSIS |
microscopic id of eggs in feces
gross detection of adult worms in feces or vomitus |
|
T.canis
CONTROL |
rid area of feces treat all puppies, use 1% chlorox solution to clean
control rodent pop |
|
T.canis
ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION |
humans ingest infective eggs
eggs hatch in si can enter blood stream & tissues can damage or kill hosts infected tissue |
|
T.canis
ZOONOTIC SIGNIFICANCE |
visceral larva migrans, cns neurological ocular larva migrans(blindness)fever, irritability, abdominal pain &hives
|
|
T.canis
TREATMENT FOR HUMANS WITH OLM & VLM |
diethylcarbamazine
albendazole mebendazole |
|
Toxocara cati
|
Large roundworm of cat
|
|
T.cati
OVA |
ova looks like canis but a bit smaller and more cytoplasm
|
|
T.cati
ADULTS |
spaghetti-feces f-12cm m-6cm
not passed transplacentally |
|
T. cati
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION |
1.direct
2.transmammary 3.predatation of paratenic host |
|
T.cati
DIRECT TRANSMISSION |
same as on dogs.
somatic more common takes 2 months |
|
T.cati
TRANSMAMMARY |
same as dog
takes 2 months |
|
T.cati
PREDATION OF PARATENIC HOST |
by far most common method of transmission in cat
same as dog takes 2 months |
|
T.cati
ZOONOSIS |
same as dogs
|
|
Toxascaris leonina
|
roundworms of dogs and cats
|
|
T. leonina
OVA |
round/oval large round thin outer mbrn, nucleus does not fill ova
infective in 1wk does not survive in soil as long |
|
T. leonina
ADULTS |
spaghetti feces f-10cm m-cm
not transmitted transplacentally pr transmammary |
|
T. leonina
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION |
Direct-ingested si 2-2.5 mnth
predation of paratenic host 2mnths |
|
T. leonina
DIAGNOSIS TX & CONTROL |
same as toxocara
|
|
T. leonina
ZOONOSIS |
not considered zoonotic
|
|
Ancylostoma caninum
|
hookworm
|
|
A. caninum
ADULTS |
avg.10mm (6-20) f-larger
very large buccal cavity 2-3 pair of sharp teeth common in NE |
|
How many eggs can female Ancylostoma caninum produce?
|
10,000-25,000 eggs/day
|
|
A. caninum
DEFINITIVE HOST |
dogs
|
|
A. tubaeforme
|
hooks of cats
|
|
A. braziliense
|
hooks dogs and cats
more pathogenic to humans |
|
Uncinaria stenocephala
|
hooks of dogs and cats
less common and less pathogenic |
|
A. duodenale
|
humans in S. Europe, Africa, N. Asia and S. America
|
|
Necator americanus
|
humans in southeastern USA
|
|
Ancylostoma caninum
ADULTS |
attach to si, causes hemorrhages, feed on hosts blood
can have devastating effects on humans |
|
How many humans are infected per year?
|
1 billion
|
|
A. caninum
LARVAL STAGES |
1. Rhabditiform
2. Filariform |
|
HOOKWORMS IN HUMANS
|
penetrate skin or ingested adults in 1wk attach si suck blood
|
|
HOOKWORMS IN HUMANS SIGNS
|
D and cramps itching & rash a site
anemia wt.loss stunted growth and mental development in heavy infestation |
|
CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS
|
a linear toruous erythematous and intensely puritic eruption of the skin usually caused by migration of nematode larvae
|
|
A. caninum
OVA |
oval shaped thin outer membrane clusters w/i ova consitst of 2-8 morula stage cells
|
|
A.caninum
LIFE CYCLE |
rhabditiform larva hatch within 1-2
molt into filariform larva |
|
A.caninum
MODES OF TRANSMISSION |
1.ingestion(direct)
2.percutaneous 3.transmammary 4.transplacental |
|
A.caninum
INGESTION(DIRECT) |
ingest infective filariform larva.develop in si, eggs passed 2wks postingest.
not all mature some invade skeletalmsc or gut wall and arrest |
|
A. caninum
PERCUTANEOUS INFECTION |
penetrate skin, extensive tissue migration, enter bldtrm-lungs-cough-swallow-si
shed eggs 1 month some will arrest |
|
A. caninum
TRANSMAMMARY & TRANSPLACENTAL |
arrested larva can infect puppies in utero 2 weeks prebirth (d49)
can ingest while nursing |
|
A. caninum
SIGNS |
internal bleeding, erythmatous foot pad, anemia protein loss, iron deficiency, anorexia, lethargy, dull hair, tarry stool, pale mm, sudden death
|
|
A.caninum
CLINICAL FORMS |
1.peracute hook dz(dam to pups)
2.acute hook dz (sudden exp. older pups) 3.chronic(compensated)hook dz(adults) 4.secondary(compensated)hook dz (old dogs) |
|
Trichuris vulpis
|
whipworms
|
|
ADULT WHIPWORMS
|
T.campanula & T.serrata(cat)
rare in cats 25-90mm whip head(fine) stout post f-produces 2,000 eggs/day |
|
T. vulpis
OVA |
football/lemon shape
operculum(plug)each end remain in soil for yrs very resistant, heavy to float |
|
Trichuris vulpis
LIFE CYCLE |
eggs infective 9d soil
dog ingest ova-hatch si-cecum devlope to adult start prod 70-100/d 3mnths |
|
T. vulpis
SIGNS |
depends on # in si
pups-dehydration, emaciation, anemia, abdmnl pain death. adults-bite at flanks mucoid bldyD, intermittent D or asymptomatic |
|
T.vulpis
DIAGNOSIS |
shedding of ova intermittent
difficult to dx min15minutes for float 4 neg fecals over 4 days |
|
SUGAR FLOATATION
|
3gm feces:15ccsugar solution
stir&strain mix pour in TT centrifuge 1500rpm/5-10min coverslip -4min read 10x |