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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Common liver fluke latin name?
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Fasciola hepatica
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What disease are included in fascioloisis?
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Liver fluke disease, Hepatic ditomatosis Distomatoisis Liver Rot. |
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Which fascioloa spp occurs in tropical/subtropical zones?
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Fasciola gigantica (Large liver fluke) (2-8cm) (f. hepatica - common- temperate) (2-3cm) |
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Size of F.hepatica egg? 50um 150um 200um 500um |
150 um
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What spp does fasciola infect?
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Euryxen species, meaning that it infects multiple host species (Ru, guinea pig, dog, cat, humans etc.)
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Fasciola hepatica 2-3cm Found in : Bile ducts (gall bladder), occasionally other organs, e.g. lungs (ECTOPIC) (the migrating parasites will die here after causing severe tissue damage first) Eggs: oval, operculated, golden yellow, large (130-145 µm), with zygote completely filling the egg when passed in feces |
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F.hepatica egg. Characteristic yellow eggs with operculum. Eggs: oval, operculated, golden yellow, large (130-145 µm), with zygote completely filling the egg when passed in feces (pp10-12w) F.gigantica - (156-200um) (12w) Diagnosis - difficult - SEDIMENTATION |
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Which spp has the lowest resistance to Fasciola? Cattle Sheep Man Pig Horse Dog |
Sheep (goat)(rabbit) high establishment rate, rapid development, long survival (acute cases often seen - on eggs in acute infections): Delayed resistance: cattle, buffalo, camel, deer, roedeer, moufflon, guinea pig, man, etc. Early resistance: horse, pig, dog, cat, etc. (usually not complete life cycles in the horse)
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What spp and what is it the intermediate host for?
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Lymnaea truncatula in Europe, highlands of Africa”the dwarf pond snail”: prefers wet mud to free watercapable of aestivation, hibernation (3-5mm) F.hepatica (intermed host) (Lymnae tomentosa and L. columella in Australia, New Zealandmore adapted to the aquatic life ) |
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What is the intermediate host of F.gigantica? L. tomentosa L. auricularia L. columella L.truncatula |
Lymnaea auricularia - F.gigantica int. host (also L.viridis) |
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Where will Lymnaea spp best reproduce? Banks of ditches, Streams Lake shores. Rain ponds |
Rain ponds Temporary (secondary) biotops of Lymnaea spp. NB Hoof marks, wheel ruts, rain pondsShallow water surfaces on pasture |
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Detecting Radiae stage/infected snails?
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Mark snails (100 min) in specified area of pasture - watch for movement - indicates infection. Screen from mid aug onwards. |
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What is the infective stage of the Fasciola lifecycle? Cercariae Metacercariae |
MC - METACERCARIAE CE (cercariae) are shed by the snails at rainy events, and encyst to become MC (metacercariae- infective stage, 0.2-0.3 mm) on vegetation. |
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Main predliection site for young fluke penetration. Duodenum Jejuneum Ileum Bilary duct |
mainly jejunum Young flukes penetrate the small intestinal wall (mainly jejunum and to a smaller extent ileum) and the liver capsule by day 4-6Then they migrate and feed on liver tissue for 4-7 weeks before entering the bile ducts where they become adults. |
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Order of Fluke lifecycle? Egg.Miracardium .Sporocyst.Rediae.Cercariae.Metacercariae.Juvenile Fluke. Adult Egg.Cercariae . Sporocyst.Rediae.Miracardium .Metacercariae.Juvenile Fluke. Adult Egg. Cercariae .Sporocyst. Rediae. Miracardium .Metacercariae. Cercariae. Juvenile Fluke. Adult |
Egg. Miracardium .Sporocyst.Rediae (mother/daughter) .Cercariae.Metacercariae.Juvenile Fluke. Adult E MI SPO RE1 RE2 CE MC A 8-12 week lifecycle. |
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Miracidium(MI)
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Miracidium(MI) – a ciliated larva – develops in the egg within 2 weeks (at optimal temp higher than 10oC). (9d inF.hep, 17d in F.gig) It is liberated in the water through the operculum (stimulated by light). Here, it must find a suitable snail within 3 hours to be able to penetrate it successfully. |
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Rediae (RE)
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Rediae develop with paedogenesis within the sporocyst. They are motile, have a gut and a characteristic outbuilding on the surface. These will migrate to hepato-pancreas of the snail. |
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Cercariae (CE) |
Cercariae (CE) arise with long tail, head part, suckers in oral part. The develop from the germinal cells of the radia (or under unsuitable environmental conditions, a second generation of radiae develop) Once a snail is infected and stays alive, cercariae are produced indefinitelyThe development within the snail is aprox 8 weeks. |
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Metacercariae (MC)
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Metacercariae (MC) is ingested by the host as it eats infected grass or hay. The outer cyst wall is removed by mastication, while the inner cyst wall is removed by environmental stimuli in the intestine. (juvenile fluke released)
The cercariae are motile and attach themselves to firm surfaces, such as grass blades. They shed their tail and encyst there to form the infective metacercariae. |
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How long does it take for a juvenile fluke to reach effected organs? 1-2d 3-4d 4-6d 1-2w |
4-6d After ingestion, the juvenile fluke (marita) penetrates the intestine and migrates to the liver via the abdominal cavity (takes approximately 4-6 days) |
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How long does it take for juvenile fluke migration within liver parenchyma? 4-6d 1-2w 4-6w 1-2d |
4-6w After ingestion, the juvenile fluke (marita) penetrates the intestine and migrates to the liver via the abdominal cavity (takes approximately 4-6 days) This is followed by migration in the liver parenchyma for 4-6 weeks |
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How long does it take for a juv. fluke to mature in the billary duct? 4-6d 4-6w 6-10days 10weeks |
10weeks the fluke settles and reaches maturity in the biliary duct where they become adults (PE2 in approx. 10 weeks). |
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Where does summer faciolosis occur?
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Mild climates In regions of milder climate overwintering of fluke larvae in snails is also possible giving rise to the appearance of MC on pasture from spring or early summer (summer fasciolosis). The overwintering is due to the snails’ ability to hibernate. normally faciolosis occurs from August onwards. |
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Which spp normally has the chronic form of faciolosis? Sheep Goat Cattle Horse |
Cattle Crhonic normally 200-500 4-5 months (acute ->2000 MC) 2-6weeks |
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What spp will you see submandibular oedema as a CS of faciolosis? Cattle Horse Deer Sheep |
Sheep |
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Acute fascioliosis - PM Liver is enlarged, haemorrhagic, covered with fibrinous exudate, friableTraumatic tracts of migrating young flukes of (1-7 mm in size)Necropsy studies most reliable IMP!!! There are NO eggs in the faeces!!!!!!!
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Chronic fascioliosis - liver (MOST COMMON) Liver has a irregular outline, is pale and firm Bile ducts visible due to chronic cholangitis In cattle: calcification of the bile duct and enlargement of the gall bladder. These ducts often protrude from the liver surface giving rise to the term “pipe-stem liver”.Adult flukes found in bile ducts
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Treatment of acute faciolosis?
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Treat with triclabendazole, the only flukicide which shows 90-100 % efficacy against both early immature and mature Fasciola species. NB Stop grazing! Move immediately to fluke-free pastures or stables |
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fasciola magna - Large American liver fluke (Americas - central EU) low signif, except Ov/Cap 2-10cm eggs 110-160um Definitive host (deer) – eggs Aberran host (sheep, goat)Mortality during the acute phase Paratenic host (cattle) – no eggs
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Which spp. of fluke is encapsulated in liver? F. gigantica F.hepatica F.magna |
In deer and cattle, flukes tend to be encapsulated in the liver by host reaction and are less pathogenic. In sheep and goats, worms may migrate constantly in the liver tissue causing traumatic hepatitis which may be fatal. Affected sheep usually die within 6 month. |
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Blood fluke disease
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Schistosomatidosis (bilharziosis) tropical/subtropical Low vet sig. hosts as cattle, sheep, goat and camel HIGH PUBLIC HEALTH sig |
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Female and male schistosoma 0.5-3.0 cm long, thread-like in shape, sexual dimorphism, |
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Schisotstomatidosis Eggs are 130-280 μm in size, spindle-shaped or spiny; contain MI when passed out in faeces or urine Larvae gets through the wall of the blood vessel abdominal cavity into |
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Schistomaditosis (blood fluke) forked CE
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3. How many cm is Fasciola Hepatica?
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2-3cm
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Where are the adult rumen flukes found during acute paramphistomatidiosis?
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Nowhere. -because Adult rumen flukes aren't present in acute form. |
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Where type of flukes are found during acute paramphistomatidiosis? Where? |
Juvenile form. -in the Dodenum. |
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Where can you find the Adult form of Fasciola Hepatica? |
Bile duct & Gallbladder |
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Where can you find the Juvenile form of Fasciola Hepatica? |
SI -> Abdominal Cavity -> Liver |
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What color are the eggs of F. Hepatica? |
Golden Yellow |
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Where do F. Hepatica flukes reach maturity? -In the liver parenchyma -In the bile ducts -In the intestine -In the rumen |
Bile ducts & Rumen |
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What is the lifecycle of F. Hepatica within the Snail? |
MI - SPO - RE 1 - RE 2 - CE - Snail is the Intermediate host within which this lifecycle takes place. - Metacercaria is ingested by host. |
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What is the lifecycle of D. Dendriticum within the Snail? |
Eggs containing MI - SPO 1 - SPO 2 - CE |
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What is the result of FEC in acute Fasciolosis? |
No eggs are present in acute form. |
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What is the result of FEC test in chronic Fasciolosis? |
Eggs may be detected sometimes. |
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What are two symptoms of Ru having subacute Fasciolosis? -Peritonitis & Progressive haemorrhagic anemia -Anemia & Jaundice -Oedema under the jaw & Ataxia -Coughing and Sneezing |
- Peritonitis & Progressive Haemorrhagic Anemia Also: - Haemorrhagic Hepatitis, Perotinitis, Enlarged Liver, Moderate Cholangitis, Liver Fibrosis - Loss of Appetite & Weight - Liver failure & Death (4-8 week course) |
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Which is the infective form for the final host in the life cycle of Dicrocoelium?
•Metacercaria in an ant •Miracidium •Cercaria in the snail •Cercaria in the ant |
•Metacercaria in an ant |
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Which answer is correct?
•Acute fasciolosis is frequent in sheep and rare in cattle? •Adult rumen flukes are passing with manure? •Acute Dicrocoeliosis can cause death?•Intermediate host of F. Hepatica is the water snail? |
•Acute fasciolosis is frequent in sheep and rare in cattle.
Note: Intermediate host of F. Hepatica is NOT the water snail, rather it is the Amphibian snail. |
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What is the most effective drug against Flukes? |
- Trichlabendazole |
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How to detect Paramphistomonas eggs? |
- Sedimentation |
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Size of Paramphistomonas egg? |
150 µm |
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What is the color of Rumen fluke eggs? |
- Colorless |
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Which statement is true?
•Intermediate host of Calicophoron Spp. are Planorbidae snails •L. Truncatula can be the intermediate host of D. Dendriticum •Adult tapeworms are found in small and large intestine of dogs •Tegumentum is smooth on adult F. Hepatica |
•Intermediate host of Calicophoron Spp. are Planorbidae snails
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The Eggs of this parasite are 120-180µm, colorless, zygote containing, percolated.
-What is it ? |
- Rumen fluke |
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What size are the eggs of Dicrocoeliidae?
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50µm |
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Where can you find the adults of Dicrocoeliidae?
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In the bile ducts of the liver. NOT the parenchyma!
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Where do we find D.Dendriticum Adults during the necropsy?
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Bile duct |
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Color of D. Dendriticum Fluke eggs?
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Dark Brown |
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What is the damage caused to the liver by D.Dendriticum?
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None, as they are only in the bile ducts and not the liver parenchyma.
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The eggs of which species contains miracidium?
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D. Dendriticum
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What is the lifecycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in the intermediate host? |
MI - SPO 1 - SPO 2 - CE - IM host = Terrestrial snails + Ants |
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What is the lifecycle of Schistosoma species in the intermediate host? |
MI - SPO 1 - SPO 2 - CE - These are Blood Flukes |
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What is the life cycle of Paramphistomatidosis in the intermediate host? |
MI - SPO - RE - CE - IM is Freshwater or Amphibious Snail - This is Rumen Fluke Disease |
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How can you diagnose ACUTE Paramphistomatidosis? •FEC with flotation •FEC with sedimentation •Serological method •Necropsy |
•Necropsy - Microscopial examination - NO EGGS present in ACUTE |
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How can you diagnose CHRONIC Paramphistomatidosis? |
•FEC •Necropsy |
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What is the name of the infective stage of blood flukes? |
•Furocercaria |
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Which flukes do NOT occur in the Intestines? •Fasciola hepatica •Dicrocoelium dendriticum •Paramphistomum spp. •Alaria alata |
•Fasciola hepatica •Dicrocoelium dendriticum •Paramphistomum spp. (Alaria alata DOES occur in the SI) |
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Which animals(s) has/have low resistance against F.hepatica? •Rabbit •Sheep •Goat •Human |
•Rabbit
•Sheep •Goat - Also Mouse + Rat |
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The Avermectins are NOT effective against. •Flukes •Tapeworms •Roundworms •Protozoans |
•Flukes •Tapeworms •Protozoans |
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The final hosts become infected by blood flukes.. •by eating Metacercariae •Intrauterine •by eating the intermediate hosts •through the skin |
•Through the skin |
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How do the offspring of the blood flukes get out from the final host? •as Eggs •as Metacercariae •as Miracidia •as Cercariae |
•as Eggs - contain MI when passed in feces or urine - blood flukes shed eggs from horses |
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Which developmental stages of the blood flukes occur in the snail? •2 generations of Rediae •Miracidium and Cercaria •Sporocyst and Cercaria • Rediae and Cercaria |
• Sporocyst and Cercaria (Infective stage Furocercaria, per cutan or PO) |
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What fluke does NOT cause traumatic hepatitis? |
Lenceolate fluke (= dicrocoelium dendriticum) |
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How many intermediate hosts does the Lanceolate fluke have? |
•2 (Lanceolate fluke = dicrocoelium dendrtiticum) |
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How many Intemediate Hosts in alaria alata? |
•2 (Freshwater snails + Tadpoles) (These are eaten by frog/snakes/mice, which are in turn eaten by dog) |
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How does the blood fluke leave the body? |
•Eggs |
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paramphistomum cervi
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dicrocoelium dentriticum egg
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dicrocoelium dentriticum egg
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dicrocoelium dentriticum
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dicrocoelium dentriticum
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dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle
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fasciola gigantica
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Fasciola hepatica
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Fasciola hepatica
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Fasciola hepatica
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fasciola hepatica egg capsule with emerging miracidium
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fasciola hepatica egg
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fasciola hepatica embryonated egg
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fasciola hepatica unembryonated egg
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fasciola hepatica life cycle
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fasciola hepatica life cycle
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fasciola sp
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