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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
olfactory pathway |
- olfactory nerves through cribriform plate to mitral cells in olfactory bulb to anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) to medial olfactory stria and lateral olfactory stria to primary olfactory cortex and amygdala |
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olfactory cortex components and projections |
components: - pyriform lobe - entorhinal cortex (parahippocampal gyrus) projections: - primary olfactory cortex and amygdala to dorsomedial thalamic nucleus to orbitofrontal cortex |
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anosmia |
- loss of sense of smell - early sign of neuropathological disease |
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Kallmann syndrome |
- lack of sense of smell and reproductive function |
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limbic system function, clinical application, components |
- involved in emotions and memory - plays a part in: schizophrenia, autism, anxiety disorders, dementias - components: limbic lobe (cingulate, subcallosal, parahippocampal gyri); subcortical centers (amygdala, septal nuclei, basal forebrain); diencephalic nuclei (anterior thalamus, mammillary bodies) |
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cingulate cortex |
- cingulum (fiber bundle) sends info to parahippocampal gyrus - mediates interactions of cognition and emotion associated with empathy, conflict resolution, decision-making - role in chronic pain syndromes |
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hippocampus regions |
- 3-layered cortex, 3 regions - dentate gyrus = major input for hippocampus - hippocampus proper = input from dentate, entorhinal cortex, septum - subiculum = major output zone; contains fimbria that forms the fornix - fornix = to septum via precommissural fornix; to mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of thalamus via postcommissural fornix |
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hippocampus function |
- convers short-term memories into long-term memories - lesions = anterograde amnesia |
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Papez circuit |
- oversimplification, but: - cingulate cortex to hippocampus to mammillary bodies to anterior thalamus to cingulate cortex |
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Korsakoff syndrome |
- caused by thiamine deficiency in alcoholism - memory deficits, confabulation, confusion - affects mammillary bodies, anterior and dorsal medial thalamic nuclei |
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septum |
- labels sensory stimuli as pleasurable or positive - optiate and dopamine receptors found here - send info to hippocampus via the fornix - lesion = produce hyperemotional states and impaired learning, esp perseveration (repetition of incorrect response) |
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amygdala |
- focuses attention - labels stimuli as negative/harmful - receives direct olfactory information |
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
- associated with amygdala - tameness, hyperoral, hypersexual behaviors - psychic blindness (agnosia) |
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Urbach-Wiethe syndrome |
- bilateral lesions of amygdala - can't read emotions of others - does not exhibit fear to dangerous situations |
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nucleus accumbens |
- location: ventral striatum, @ junction of cuadate and putamen - role in drug and alcohol addiction |
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basal forebrain |
- location: ventral to anterior commissure - nucleus basalis of Meynert = cholinergic = basis of dementia |
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hypothalamus 3 functions and locations affected |
- regulates/coordinates autonomic, behavioral, endocrine responses - autonomic = brainstem, spinal cord - behavioral = cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala - endocrine = pituitary |
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hypothalamus pituitary gland connections |
1. hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract - posterior lobe of pituitary 2. tuberhypophysial tract - orginates in arcuate nucleus - stress response pathway - hypophysial portal system (capillaries) - anterior lobe of pituitary |
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parasympathetic control of ANS - structures - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- structures: anterior, medial hypothalamus - input: autonomic brainstem, amygdala, cerebral cortex, viscerosomatic center, insula - output: vagus nerve, sacral parasympathetic innervation - function: parasympathetic control - clinical: decrease HR, increase vasodilation, increase GI |
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sympathetic control of ANS - structures - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- structures: lateral, posterior hypothalamus - input: autonomic brainstem, amygdala, cerebral cortex, insula - output: brainstem, spinal cord - function: activates intermediolateral cell column neurons at T1-L2/L3 - clinical: increase HR & BP, decrease GI, pupil dilation |
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emotional behavior coordination - structures - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- structures: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala - input: cerebral cortex, limbic system - output: limbic system, brain stem (arousal, attention) - function: rage and flight/fight/freeze behavior - clinical: lesions = sham rage reactions |
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stress response pathway - input - hypothalmic output - pituitary output - adrenal output - glucocorticoid effects |
- input: cortical and limbic systems (threats) - hypothalmic output: cortico-releasing factor (CRF) in PVN - pituitary output: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - adrenal output: glucocorticoids - glucocorticoid effects: liver gluconeogenesis; decrease immune and inflammation, negative feedback to CRF and ACTH |
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fluid balance - structure - input - output - function - clinical significance |
-structure: supraoptic and PVN; hypothalamus; synthesizes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) - input: circumventricular organs = osmolality; brain stem = BP -output: post. pituitary; secretes vasopressin - function: raises BP, inhibits urine formation - clinical significance: damage = diabetes insipidus; increase urine output; dehydration, heat stroke, hemorrhagic shock |
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reproductive & affiliative behaviors - structure: - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- structure: hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (PVN and supraoptic nucleus); synthesizes oxytocin - input: brainstem, spinal cord (uterus), somatosensory (suckling) - output: posterior pituitary; secretes oxytocin - function: mediates parturition in childbirth, milk letdown reflex for nursing |
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circadian rhythms - structure: - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- structure: suprachiasmatic nucleus - input: irradiance-responsive neurons in retina - output: other hypothalamic nuclei to brainstem for ANS control of endocrine glands (pineal=melatonin; adrenal = glucocorticoids; liver=glucose) - function: controls biological functions - clinical significance: jet lag; SAD |
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temperature regulation - structure: - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- structure: anterior & posterior hypothalamus - input: thermoreceptors on skin for temp - output/function: heat reduction: vasodilation and sweat gland activation; increase blood flow to skin and sweat evaporation heat production: preoptic neurons release TRH to thyroid for hormone release; shivering; vasodilation |
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fever - input - output - function - clinical significance |
- input: exposure to pyrogens (toxic substances that affect brain's temperature regulation) - output: hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to induce fever - function; elevates temp set point - clinical significance: asprin = anti-pyretic; inhibits prostaglandin synthesis; decreases set point |
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5 functions of thalamic nuclei |
1. receive all ascending sensory info except olfaction 2. receive motor activity (ventral) 3. receive cerebellar output 4. receive ARAS 5. limbic system circuitry (anterior nucleus, dorsal medial) |
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dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus |
input: substantia nigra, amygdala, olfactory output: frontal eye fields, prefrontal cortex; olfactory cortex function: visual, emotion, memory, pain, stress of amygdala input |
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medial geniculate body (thalamus) |
input: inferior colliculus output: primary, secondary auditory cortex - tonotopically organized: low=rostral; high=caudal |
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lateral geniculate body (thalamus) |
input: superior colliculus output: primary, visual cortex layers 1,4,6 = contralateral visual field layers 2, 3, 5 = ipsilateral visual field |
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pulvinar nucleus (thalamus) lateral posterior nucleus (thalamus) |
input: association cortex, superior colliculus output: visual association cortex, widespread |
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intralaminar nuclei (thalamus) |
diffuse connection input: reticular formation via CTT and spinothalamic tract output: cerebral cortex function: modulates pain damage: thalamic pain syndrome |
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ventral anterior nuclei (thalamus) |
diffuse connection input: intralaminar nucleus output: cerebral cortex function: ARAS - control of consciousness |
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reticular nucleus (thalamus) |
subcortical - inhibitory nucleus - controls cortical activity |