Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is an esophageal atresia? |
a congenital condition- esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch and doesn't connect to the stomach |
|
|
Where do congenital esophageal webs occur? |
middle and inferior |
|
|
Where do acquired esophageal webs occur? |
cervical area |
|
|
What are the symptoms of esophageal webs? |
odynophagia and dysphagia |
|
|
What are 4 different esophageal motility disorders? |
achalasia diffuse esophageal spasm nutcracker esophagus hypertensive lower esophageal spasm |
|
|
*Describe achalasia |
increased tone and pressure at LES, absent peristalsis in distal portion of esophagus, incoordinated LES relaxation when swallowing |
|
|
Seeing a "bird's beak" on an x-ray would suggest what? |
achalasia |
|
|
What is the presumed etiology of achalasia? |
-lymphocytic infiltration of Aurebach's plexus -infiltration may be auto-immune in nature, or dt toxin -lose normal muscle contraction |
|
|
What are the two types of esophageal spasm? |
diffuse and nutcracker |
|
|
*Describe diffuse esophageal spasm |
contractions are uncoordinated and several segments contract at once |
|
|
*Describe nutcracker esophagus |
coordinated but the amplitude is excessive |
|
|
*What is Mallory-Weiss syndrome? |
bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the stomach and esophagus junction |
|
|
What layers does a Mallory-Weiss tear involve? |
mucosa and submucosa
not the muscular layer |
|
|
What normally causes Mallory-Weiss tears? |
usu caused by severe coughing, retching or vomiting
associated with alcoholism and eating d/o, rarely NSAIDs |
|
|
Describe Boerhaave's syndrome |
full thickness tear or rupture of esophageal wall |
|
|
What causes a Boerhaave's tear? |
severe retching, vomiting, caustic ingestion |
|
|
What is esophagitis? acute/chronic? most common cause? |
-inflammation of esophagus -acute or chronic -GERD- most common cuase |
|
|
What is the organism responsible for esophageal candidiasis? |
candida albicans |
|
|
What causes GERD? |
changes in barrier btwn stomach and esophagus
abnormal relaxation of LES
hiatal hernia
increased intra-abdominal pressure |
|
|
Two types of hiatal hernias? |
sliding- Ge moves above diaphragm with some stomach- most common
-Para-esophageal- part of stomach herniates through diaphragm with out movement of GE junction |
|
|
What is a Schatzki ring? |
at GE junction, seen with hital hernia |
|
|
What is Barrett's esophagus? |
normal squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium |
|
|
What causes Barret's esophagus? What is it associated with? What can it lead to? |
dt constant irritation
assoc. with HPV
leads to adenocarcinoma |
|
|
What is the cellular transition in Barrett's esophagus? |
stratified columnar cells to epithelial cells
intestinal goblet cells--> cancer risk?? |
|
|
What are esophageal varices? |
dilated sub-mucosal veins in lower third of esophagus |
|
|
What causes esophageal varices? |
increased pressure in venous system cirrhosis dt portal hypertension |
|
|
What is the number one cause of liver cirrhosis in the US? worldwide? |
US- alcohol world- Hep B/C |
|
|
What is caput medusa? |
serpiginous appearance of superficial veins in abdominal wall that dilate dt cirrhosis of the liver |
|
|
What are the most common benign esophageal tumors? |
Leiomyoma- smooth muscle |
|
|
What is the gold standard for diagnosis esophageal tumors? |
biopsy |
|
|
What are granular cell tumors? |
of neural origin, arise from Schwann cells |
|
|
Where do squamous cell cancers arise from in the esophagus? |
upper 1/3 |
|
|
Where do adenocarcinoma caners arise from? |
glandular cells at the junction of the junction of the esophagus and stomach(lower 1/3) |
|
|
What type of cancer is associated with Barret's esophagus? |
esophageal adenocarcinomas |
|
|
What are esophageal cancers associated with? |
tobacco and alcohol consumption |
|
|
What is the most common esophageal cancer in the US? worldwide? |
US 50-80% adenocarcinoma
world 90-95% squamous cell |
|
|
What does adenocarcinoma look like histologically? |
nuclei get larger, more mitotic figures, darker nuclear staining |
|
|
What does carcinoma in situ mean? |
the basement membrane is intact
it ca't enter circulation/lymphatic system
surgery can remove |
