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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ventilation
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flow of air in and out of the lungs
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perfusion
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extent to which the lung is fed by pulmonary circulation
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compliance
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distensibility of lung tissue, allows lung to inflate easily
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elasticity
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causes recoil of lung tissue and passive exhalation
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irritant lung receptors
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cause bronchoconstriction and inc ventilation rate, and initiate cough
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stretch lung receptors
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decrease ventilation rate and volume, protect against over-inflation
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eupnea
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regular rhythm
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tachypnea
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rapid, shallow breathing
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hyperventilation ( Kussmaul's respirations)
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inc in rate and depth caused by fear, anxiety, acidosis
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cheyne-stokes
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hyperpnea-apnea, caused by nervous damage, uremia, heart failure
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ataxic
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unpredictable, irregularity, nervous damage
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obstructive
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air trapping, incomplete expiration
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apnea
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cessation of breathing for greater than ten seconds
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low V/Q ratio
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low ventilation, and normal prefusion
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high V/Q ratio
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low perfusion, normal ventilation
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dyspnea
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trouble breathing caused by length and tension disparity in muscles of respiration
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hypercapnia
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inc CO2 , results in respiratory acidosis
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hypoxia
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dec O2 content of arterial blood
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Influenza
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viral, targets mucous producing cells, breaks down integrity of epithelium, allows for bacterial adhesion
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Pneumonia
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inflammation in lung resulting in consolidation due to exudate within lung tissues and air spaces. Dec V/Q ratio
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typical pneumonia
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bacterial with inflammation and exudate in air spaces
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atypical pneumonia
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viral with inflammation and exudate in interstitium
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tuberculosis
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areas of cavitation, dead space and hypoxia
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Lung Cancer
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invasive growth with airway obstruction, invasion of mediastinum and pleura, SOB, cough, wheezing, hemoptysis, venous compression
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Vascular Disease
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pulmonary embolism usually released from legs, sudden onset dyspnea, hypoxemia, hyperventilation with V/Q mismatch
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role of pleura
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neg pleural pressure keeps lungs inflated
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pneumothorax
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air in pleural space
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tension pneumothorax
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one way valve created, lungs keep expanding putting pressure on the heart
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pleural effusion
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fluid in pleural space
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transudative pleural effusion
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watery fluid from capillaries, dec capillary oncotic pressure and hypoproteinemia
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exudative pleural effusion
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contains wbc and plasma proteins, response to inflammation, malignancy or infection
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empyema pleural effusion
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infected pleural effusion (pus in pleural space), blockage of lymphatics
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hemothorax
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blood in pleural space
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primary pulmonary hypertension
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very rare, poor prognosis, cause unknown
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secondary pulmonary hypertension
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most common, caused by vasoconstriction and obstruction of pulmonary vascular bed, oxygenation isn't severely effected
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pulmonary edema
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inc bp in capillaries, immune response opens capillary pores, fluid into air spaces. clinical signs: inspiratory crackles, percussive dullness at base of lung, frothy pink sputum
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epiglotitis
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child sits forward, acute onset, sore throat, drooling, can't swallow
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ARDS
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rapid onset secondary to insult to lungs. inflammatory response is cause of injury, bilateral consolidation, organ failure due to hypoxemia
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Respiratory distress syndrome
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reduced lung compliance, alveoli collapse, hypoxia, acidosis, metabolic acidosis
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asthma
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episodic, reversible bronchoconspasm resulting from exaggerated smooth muscle bronchoconstriction response to various stimuli. causes mast cell degranulation, edema, mucous production, epithelial injury
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emphysema
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permanent enlargement of the air spaces accompanied by destruction of their walls, caused by chronic irritation (morphological diagnosis)
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chronic bronchitis
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persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in atleast 2 years (clinical diagnosis)
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Pulmonary failure
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respiratory acidosis, hypoxia, coma
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cor pulmonale
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alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle, primary disorder of respiratory hypertension
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Pink puffers (emphysema)
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late dyspnea, hunched over, hyperventilation, dec breath sounds, adequate oxygenation, weight loss
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Blue bloaters (chronic bronchitis)
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early dyspnea, no air hunger, wheezing, purulent sputum, cyanosis, cor pulmonale, peripheral edema
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arterial disorders
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dec flow to tissues
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venous disorders
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interfere with removal of waste and return of blood to the heart
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altered perfusion
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impaired circulation or inadequate cardiac output
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pulse pressure
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difference between systolic and diastolic
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mean arterial pressure
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represents average pressure in the arterial system during ventricular contraction and relaxation
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systolic
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sv being ejected from the heart, ability of aorta to stretch and accomodate sv
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diastolic
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energy that is stored in the aorta as its elastic fibers are stretched during systole
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arterial bp
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determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance
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primary hypertension
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chronic elevation in bp without evidence of another disease
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secondary hypertension
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elevation in bp resulting from another disease
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effects of hypertension
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cerbral edema, inc ICP, reduced oxygen delivery, atherosclerosis, left sided hypertrophy, nephrosclerosis, renin-angiotensin inactivated
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atherosclerosis
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build up in vessel causing distal ischemia, aneurysm formation due to weakening of vessel wall
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atherosclerotic occlusive disease (progressive)
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calf pain with activity, weak pedal pulses, brittle toe nails, hair loss, cool feet, tissue necrosis, severe pain, ulceration, gangrene
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acute arterial occlusion (sudden)
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pistolshot, pallor, polar, pulselessness, pain, paresthesia, paralysis
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deep vein thrombosis
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prescence of thrombus and inflammation
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virchow's triad
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stasis, inc coagulability, vascular trauma
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berry aneurysm
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small, spherical often at circle of willis
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fusiform/saccular aneurysms
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found in thoracic/abdominal aorta. symptoms: back pain, renal obstruction, tearing of vessel wall to form a blood filled channel
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shock
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inadequate perfusion of vital organs, hypovolemic, systemic vasodilation
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coronary heart disease
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diminishes myocardial blood supply, prolonged ischemia causes infarction and death of myocardial cells
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myocardial ischemia
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caused by atherosclerosis
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valvular stenosis
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valve constricted and narrowed, inc workload in other chamber causing hypertrophy
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aortic stenosis
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low sv, left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic murmur
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mitral stenosis
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left arterial dilation, pulmonary hypertension, dysrythmyias
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valvular regurgitation
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cusps of valves fail to close, blood flow continues when valve should be close. most common on left side
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aortic regurgitation
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widened pulse pressure, dyspnea, throbbing pulse, diastolic murmur
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mitral regurgitation
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pulmonary hypertension, systolic murmur, right ventricular failure
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tricuspid regurgitation
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right heart failure, edema, hepatomegaly, systolic murmur
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rheumatic heart disease
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secondary to a strep infection causes carditis of all 3 layers, inflammation and growth on valves, valvular stenosis
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ADH
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inc water permeability
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angiotensin
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elevates bp
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aldosterone
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sodium reabsorption, water retention, potassium excretion
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kidney function
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normal serum creatinine/current serum creatinine
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BUN
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inc 10-20mg day if renal func is absent, protein dependent,elevates with prerenal failure, dehydration, congestive hf, post renal failure
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uremia
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urine in the blood
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prerenal renal failure
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dec blood supply, shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction
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postrenal failure
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urine flow is blocked. stones, tumors, enlarged prostate
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intrinsic failure
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kidney tubule function dec. ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction
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Anuric phase
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less than 400ml/day r/t dec in GFR. Uremia and metabolic acidosis, lasts 1-2 weeks
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diuretic phase
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returns to 1-2 L/day, still dec function, lasts ten days
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recovery phase
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lasts a few months, may have lifetime reduction in function
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tubular cell casts
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formed when dead cells are packed together in the tubule lumen, mass of cells can appear in urine
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of tubules, interstitium and renal pelvis, loss of abiity to concentrate urine
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hydronephrosis
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expansion of kidney with urine inc pressure inside and compressing blood vessels causing renal ischemia
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proliferative
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number of cells inc
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sclerotic
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amount of extracellular matrix inc
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membranous
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thickness of glomerular capillary wall inc
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nephritic syndromes
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proliferative inflammatory response damaging capillary walls and decrease GFR
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nephrotic syndrome
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proteins lost in urine
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acute renal failure
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all nephrons have reduced functioning
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chronic renal failure
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fewer nephrons are functioning and remaining ones have to filter more causing hypertrophy
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diminished renal reserve
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50% loss
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renal insufficiency
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20-50% normal, azotemia, anemia, hypertension, polyuria
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renal failure
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less than 20% normal. atrophy and fibrosis of tubules complete loss of function
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diabetic glomerusclerosis
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capillary basement thickening causes inc GFR, deteriorating renal function and proteinuria
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cardiovascular consequences of CRF
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dec blood viscosity, inc BP, dec O2 supply
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end stage renal disease
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irreversible loss of almost all nephrons, adaptation with hypertrophy, salt wasting, acidosis b/c can't reabsorb bicarb, anemia
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