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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What organs usually become cancerous in children?
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organs that are growing, Bone, Blood, Brain
(leukemia and CNS tumors) |
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What are the 3 most common cancers in MEN?
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Prostate-> Lung-> Colon
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What are the 3 most common cancers in Women?
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Breast-> Lung-> Colon
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What are the 3 most common causes of cancer death in men?
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Lung-> Prostate-> colon
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What are the 3 most common causes of cancer deaths in Women?
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Lung-> breast-> colon/rectum
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What is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both men and women?
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Lung cancers
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What cancer is most common in japan?
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stomach cancer
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What cancer is most common in arizona?
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melanoma
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what cancer is most common in subsaharan africa?
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Burkitt lymphoma
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What cancer is most common in eastern asia/africa?
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hepatocellular cancer
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What 5 cancers are associated with Alcohol?
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Oropharynx, Larynx, Esophagus, Hepatocellular secondary to cirrhosis,
Toxic going in, Toxic going out |
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What are the 3 main classes of things that cause cancer?
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Radiation, Chemicals, Viruses
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What kind of cancers (6) are common with Tobacco?
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Lip/ mouth/oropharynx
Larynx/Lungs Esophagus Pancreas** Urinary Tract Cervix |
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LIKELY TO BE TESTED, 3 MAIN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL?
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Oropharynx
Larynx Esophagus |
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What kind of cancer associated with tobacco smoke will likely be on the test?
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Uterine cervical cancer!
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What 3 cancers are UV rays associated with?
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell Carincoma Malignant melanoma |
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What UV wavelength is implicated with UV damage?
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UV-B (and some UV-A)
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Where is arsenic found, and what caners?
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found in orchards
causes LUNG cancer mostly, skin, angiosarcoma |
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What is the main cancer asbestos causes?
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Lung cancer
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Where is benzene found? what cancers does it cause?
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this found in gasoline
causes leukemia/lymphoma |
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where is beryllium found? what cancers?
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found in metal industry
cause lung |
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where is ethylene oxide found? what cancer
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used to ripen fruit
cause leukemia |
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where are napthylamines found? what cancer?
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these are found in rubber industry
bladder cander |
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what cancer is radon assocatied with?
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lung cancer- radon gas
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where is vinyl chloride found? what cancer?
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hard plastics
causes angiosarcoma |
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How does inflammation affect your odds for cancer?
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local inflammation increases cancer odds.
Cytokines stimulate cell growth and inflammation generates ROS (which damage DNA) |
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What 3 cancers are people more likely to develop if they have Gum disease?
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MOSTLY panceratic, Kidney, and blood
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What is the order of plasia's in the bronchial epithelium from smoking?
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Hyperplasia-> metaplasia-> dysplasia
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Do benign tumors become malignant?
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rarely ever do they become malignant
only if they are large, or long standing |
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With regards to genetics of cancer, what are the two main classes of cancer?
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Familial- inhereited predisposition
Sporadic- due to new mutations |
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With familial cancer syndromes, how do they display in relatives
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they tend to cluster, with 2 or more relatives of index case
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With familial cancer syndromes what kind of genes tend to be affected?
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Tumor suppressor genes
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What percent of cancers are due to inherited mutations in 'cancer genes'?
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less than 10 percent.
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What are the tendencies of people who have famailia cancer syndromes, how many cancers do they get, and where are they?
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These cancers tend to be bilateral, multiple location.
Also more likely to get multiple cancers |
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What percent of breast cancer is due to familial cancer?
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about 10%
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What are the genes/gene category implied in breast cancer predisopsiton
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
these are tumor suppressors, involved in transcription regulation |
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What is Knudson's two hit theory?
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One defective copy is inherited, and then a 2nd copy is lost by mutation-> which is the malignant transformation
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What gene causes Retinoblastoma?
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RB
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What gene causes FAP?
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APC
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What gene causes MEN? (marfanoid habitus w/ganglioneuromas of tongue)
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RET gene
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What gene cause neurofibromatosis?
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NF-1 (this is a tumor suppressor gene)
shows as- Lisch nodules in eye, cafe au lait spots, and neurofibromas that are each at risk for transformation |
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What four diseases are attributed to double autosomal recessive inheritance?
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Xeroderma pigmentosum
Ataxia telangiaectasia Bloom syndrome Falconi's anemia |
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What is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum?
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NER (nucleotide excision repair)
UVB damage causes pyrimidine dimers of DNA |
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What gene causes Ataxia telangiectasia?
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ATM,
this normally repairs damaged DNA, sensitive to radiation. These pts. get leukemia |
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What gene causes Bloom syndrome?
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BLM gene.
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What are the three main classes of carcinogenic agents?
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chemicals
Radiation Microbes/viruses |
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What is an initiator?
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this causes DNA damage- which is permanent
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What is a promoter?
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this causes cell growth, (but promoter effects are reversible)
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With regards to promoters, and initiators- how is time relation important?
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Initiator must come first,
then promoter must come at regular intervals |
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What is the signature mutation for benzyopyrene? (tobacco smoke)
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P53 mutation
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What is the hallmark mutation for chemical exposure?
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this mutates RAS/ point mutations
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How does cyclophosphamide cause cancer?
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this is a direct acting agent, that alkyates DNA directly
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How do polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, amides, and nitrosamines cause cancer?
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these are indirect, they are metabolized into cancerous products by the liver
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How does Benzopyrene cause cancer?
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this is indirect, comes from tobacco smoke.
this is metabolized by P450 into something toxic (LUNG CANCER) |
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How does vinyl chloride cause cancer? what cancer
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this acts indrectly.
causes angiosarcoma of the liver |
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How does aflatoxin B1 cause cancer? wheres it found? what mutation?
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This acts indrectly- comes from aspergillus flavus.
-P53 signature mutation |
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What is the cancer initiator in cigarette smoke?
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Benzoapyrene (P53 mutation)
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What is the promoter in cigarette smoke?
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multiple irritants
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how does alcohol contribute to cacrinogenesis?
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alcohol is a promoter
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Are nitrosamines potent carcinogens?
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yes they are
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Are aromatic hydrocabons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines potent carcinognes?
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yes they are
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What type of virus is HTLV-1?
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this is an RNA Retrovrius like HIV
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What cancer is associated with HTLV-1 infection?
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this causes T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
(CD4 tropic- like HIV) |
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What gene does HTLV-1 Use to make cancer? How?
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this produces the TAX gene, which cause polyclonal expansion, by TAX which promotes genetic instability.
So rapidly dividing cells with unstable DNA |
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What neoplasm is related to HPV?
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sqamous cell carcinomas
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How does HPV cause oncogenesis?
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E2 viral repressor is lost, which leads to an overexpression of E6 and E7
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What does E6 do after HPV causes its over expression?
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E6 inactivates p53, degrades BAX, And activates telomerease
MAIN: KNOCKS OUT P53 |
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What does E7 after HPV causes its over expression?
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this binds to RB (inhibiting it)- promoting progression of the cell cycle
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What cancer is caused by EBV?
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Burkitts lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed (aids pts) Hodgkin/lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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What kinds of cells does EBV infect? via what?
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This infect B lymphoctyes via CD21
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What does EBV's LMP-1 do?
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this activates NF-kB and Jak/Stat,
activates BCL-2 activates CD40 receptor for t cells (prosurvival, and antiapoptotic) |
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What does EBV's EBNA-2 do?
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mimics Notch receptor, activates cyclin D
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What does EBV's vIL-10 do?
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this prevents activation of cytotoxic T cells
(anti-inflammatory, viral IL-10) |
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What are the clinical features of African Burkitt lymphoma? genetics?
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This causes maxilla cancer.
Involves an t8:14 translocation - MYC translocation during proliferation of B cells |
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What are the clinical features of EBV nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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EBV viral gene is in the tumor
causes neoplasms of monocolonal squamous cells |
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What disease is hepatitis B and C associated with?
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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what kind of virus is hep C?
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and RNA virus
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what kind of virus is hep B?
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a DNA virus
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How do Hep B/C lead to cancer?
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Ongoing viral replication kills hepatocytes, which then releases Cytokines via immune response.
Disruption of growth from cytokines and Hep B/C leads to genetic mistakes in regenerating cells |
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What do the cytokines released in the liver due to Hep B/C infection, do to hepatocytes?
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this stimulates growth, angiogenesis, activation of NF-kB which blocks apoptosis
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What environmental agent is implicated with Hep B in inducing cancer?
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Aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus
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What does Hepatitis B's Viral X protein do?
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this binds P53, causes activation of growth factors
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What two viruses work together to make Kaposi sarcoma?
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HIV- (infects CD4+ cells)
human herpies virus 8- (infect mesenchymal cells) |
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What is Kaposi sarcoma?
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a neoplasim of blood vessels or vessel forming mesenchyme
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What two cancers are associated with H. pylori?
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Adenocarcinoma of the stomach
and Gastric Lymphoma of MALT |
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What two non cancerous diseases does H pylori cause?
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Duodenal ulcers,
and chronic gastritis |
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What H pylori gene causes gastric adenocarcinoma?
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CagA gene
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What is Cachexia?
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this is a wasting syndrome- loss of fat/lean muscle, with profound weakness.
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What tumor agents cause Cachexia?
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PIF- proteolysis inducing factor
LMF- lipid mobilizing factor? |
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What does Lipid Mobilizing factor do? (trick question!!)
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this increases fatty acid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines
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What does PIF + Cytokines do in cancer cachexia?
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this causes activation of ubuiquitin-proteosome pathway. degrades muscle
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What are some early signs of cancer?
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10% weight loss without diet
Low cholesterol Fatigue Loss of appetitie Anemia Edema |
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What is Paraneoplastic syndrome?
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this is where the tumor is not in an endocrine gland, but causes distant endocrine effects
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Why is paraneoplastic syndrome important?
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my precede tumor detection
may be lethal |
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What is myasthenic syndrome/ Lambert-Eaton syndrome?
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this is antibody mediated progressive muscle weakness.
This is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancers |
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What is Acanthosis Nigricans? associated with what tumors?
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this is a paraneoplastic syndrome- with gray-black pigment production in skin fold areas.
Associated with gastric cancers strongly |
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Do serum tumor markers make the diagnosis?
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NO they do not, these are screening tests
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? CEA
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Colon cancer
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? Alpha-fetoprotein
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Liver and testicular cancer
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? Beta-HCG
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choriocarcinoma (malignancy of germ cells or placenta)
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? PSA
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prostate
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? VMA, HVA, NSE
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Neuroblastoma- these look like neurotransmitter breakdown products
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? CA-15-3
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Breast cancer
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What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? CA-125
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ovarian cancer
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flash
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card
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