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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two types of receptors are used to detect touch? What is the difference?
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Meisner - light touch
Pacinian - deep touch/pressure |
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What type of receptor is used to detect the position of a limb? Bonus: What is an example of this type of receptor (untested)?
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Proprioceptor - Position of muscles/limbs
Example - Golgi tendon organ (stretch sensor; won't be tested) |
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What type of receptor is used to detect light?
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Photoreceptor
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What is the sequential path of light through the eye? What effect do these structures have on the light as it passes through?
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Path of light - Light -> Cornea (fixed lens) -> Aqueous humor (coarse focus) -> pupil -> lens (flexible lens)-> vitrious humor -> retina
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How do the ciliary muscles affect focus of light in the eye?
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When ciliary muscles contract, lens becomes more round, close objects come into focus.
When ciliary muscles relax, lens becomes flat, far objects come into focus |
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What type of color(s) are rods reactive to? What intensity of light can they see? Where are they located in the eye? What level of discernment do they provide? What approximate ratio of rods to ganglions is usual?
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Rods
Black/white/grey Can see in low and high amounts of light Located around sides/edges Less discernment (outline) 1:~3000 rods:ganglion |
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What type of color(s) are cones reactive to? What intensity of light can they see? Where are they located in the eye? What level of discernment do they provide? What approximate ratio of cones to ganglions is usual?
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Color
Require high amounts of light Located in macula (back/center) Greater discernment (detail) 1:1 cone:ganglion |
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What is adaptation? Describe the sequence required for adaptation in the eye.
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Adaptation - Neurons turn off (fatigue)
1 - Light hits retina 2 - Rhodopsin (pigment) - becomes active - breaks down and becomes opsin 3 - Opsin activates transducin 4 - Transducin turns on PDE, which shuts off neurons |
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What class of receptors are used for movement or hearing?
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Mechanoreceptors
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What is the sequence of structures encountered by sound as it enters the ear?
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Sound -> Eardrum -> Ossicles (hammer/anvil/stirrup) -> cochlea (fluid) -> Hair cells -> Nerves
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What is an eustachean tube?
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Eustachean tube - pressure relief valve from throat
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What structure(s) in the ear provide information for balance? What two types of information are provided, and how do they differ?
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Semi-circular canals (fluid inside bending hair cells)
3 semi-circulars for 3 direction sensing Senses movement (dynamic equilibrium) Vestibule (contains otoliths [stones]) - tells where "down" is (static equiplibrium) |
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What class of receptors are found within the nose and on the tongue?
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Chemoreceptors
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What are papillae?
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Papillae (bumps) - tastebuds are on side of bumps
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What are gustatory hairs?
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Gustatory hair (eating hair) - grabs food for sensing
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Why is the sense of taste missing or diminished in a dry mouth?
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without saliva, food does not travel to sensors on side of papillae
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How many flavors can be discerned by the tongue? What are they?
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Types:
Salt Sweet Bitter Sour Savory H20 |
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Where in the brain are flavors processed?
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Processed by temporal lobe
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What structure aids your sense of smell? How many separate types of smells can you perceive? Where is smell processed within the brain?
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Olfactory hairs
Around 10,000 types Processed by limbic system |
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How does the brain determine position?
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How brain determines position:
1. Vision (horizon) - fast check 2. Dynamic equilibrium (semi-circular canals) - not moving 3. Static equilibrium - gravity 4. Proprioception - are limbs moving? |
