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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define the term “vernacular” as it applies to our study of art and design. |
Tradition and cultural
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The key inventions or discoveries on which civilization is built are: |
a) Fire b) language c) agriculture |
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What is the difference between an alignment and a dolmen? |
Alignment: prehistoric arrangement of large stones in a straight line
Dolmen: grouping of stones made up of 2 or 3 upright stones topped with a horizontal |
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The questions of when and where people first learned to used shelters, and what the earliest shelters were like, have long been the subject of much speculation. Guesswork is aided in some measure by information that comes from two lines of inquiry: a) _________ b) ______________
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a) prehistoric remains
b) recent practices of primitive peoples usually studied by anthropologists |
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What ancestral peoples utilized passive
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Pueblos |
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Discuss how fixed-base agriculture had an influence on the development and design of built shelter. |
staying in place = no longer necessary for portable housing which led to villages and towns being established |
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The illustration below is a representation of: (circle one) a) The Great Goddess Tepantitla b) The Feathered Serpent God Quetzalcoatl c) The God of Warfare and Rain Tlaloc d) The “Human Riff” Guitar God of the Rolling Stones, Keith Richards |
A |
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The most common form of building construction utilized by early civilizations is: |
post and beam |
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Below is a plan of a subterranean room used by several early tribal cultures. What is it called? |
Kiva |
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Primitive cultures attached much importance to symbols and anthropomorphic figures. a) Explain why b) What do we mean by anthropomorphic? |
a) religious beliefs (gods)
b) giving human characteristics to animals
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Why was art in most early cultures considered more than just decoration? |
It was their form of written language |
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The opening shown in the photograph below is an example of: (circle one)
a) A corbelled vault b) A trabeated vault c) A keystone arch d) Arch centering e) A segmental arch |
A |
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In early cultures, almost all furniture forms are variations of two simple forms the ____________ and the ____________ . What major advancement contributed to the development of furniture in prehistoric tribal cultures? |
Platform and box
Wood joinery |
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In Apulia in southern Italy, an ancient house type still in regular use is built of dry field stones to form a roughly square room. This is topped by a round dome built by laying rings of stone in gradually diminishing circles until a single stone can cover the topmost opening. They were generally constructed as temporary field shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by small proprietors or agricultural laborers. Name this house type. |
Trullo |
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Typical window and door openings (example right) of this civilization’s structures were trapezoidal. Name the civilization and explain the reason for this particular geometry. |
Incan
Prevents collapses from earthquakes |
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Label the two components in the diagram below that allowed the lintels to be aligned accurately with the uprights at Stonehenge.
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Mortice (top) Tenon (bottom) |
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Aside from regional differences in materials and structure, itemize four (4) traits that characterized and/or informed the house forms of early tribal cultures. |
Simplicity, informality, irregularity and comfort |
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What practice of both early Mesopotamian and Mesoamerican civilizations is being referenced in the illustration below? |
They build on top of preexisting structures |
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The circle, or sphere, played an important role in Teotihuacán ornamentation (example below); explain why. |
The circle could be an aesthetic parallel to their cyclical view of nature and of time in terms of death and regeneration |
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Most of the architectural forms we have studied to date are “additive” in nature, although a few examples in different cultures are “subtractive” (carved into or hollowed out of an existing context). Diagram two (2) examples, and label each by type, plus culture and/or geographic location. |
Kiva = pueblos, Mesa Verde
Matmata |
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Roman art and architecture has both the timeless consistency of Egypt and the stylistic development of Greece. TRUE FALSE (circle one) |
False |
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Egyptian culture made several noteworthy contributions to our architectural vocabulary. Many of these features serve as prototypes for later Greek and Roman developments. Name four:
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Column, Cornice, Capital, Pylon |
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Circle E for Egypt, G for Greece, or B if both for the following design motifs and concepts:
Faience Cella Golden Mean Guilloche Kline Scarab Polychromy |
Faience, E Cella, G Golden Mean, B Guilloche, B Kline, G Scarab, E Polychromy, B |
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Greek architecture is an architecture of plastic bodies. What do we mean by the term “plastic?” |
Molded or Sculpted |
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The Roman replaces the Greek stylobate, forms the base of the temple, and raises the buildings several feet from the ground. |
Podium |
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Below is an illustration of a Greek entablature. Cross out the five (5) terms listed on the right that are not part of the entablature as shown
Entasis Frieze Stylobate Rinceau Cornice Dentil Triglyph Architrave Antefix Tympanum Abacus
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Entasis, Stylobate, Triglyph, Antefix, Tympanum |
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This component of an Egyptian temple consists of two canted towers flanking an entrance. It is called a ______________ |
Pylon |
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This Greek term refers to “character of the place”: |
Typology |
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The Roman was a major secular building type that was destined to have a huge impact on later building; its arrangement of nave and aisles with a focal apse turned out to be highly suitable to conversion into a Christian church. |
Basilica |
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The Roman architect Vitruvius writes that this column “imitates the slight figure of a maiden...and admits of more graceful effects in ornament. This order is developed to symbolize the reconciliation of nature and man.” He is referring to: a) The Ionic Order d) The Doric Order |
C |
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Name any three (3) of the four buildings discussed in class that can be found on a promontory in Athens (must be spelled correctly for credit, print for legibility if necessary):
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Parthenon, Propylea, Temple of Athena Nike |
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In Greek paintings a recurring image showed a chair (lower right) of great elegance, probably of a kind owned only by the wealthy. Name this chair. |
Klismos |
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The Egyptian cornice on the left and one of the Greek moldings on the right is a concave profile called a _______. |
Cavetto or gorge |
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What is a hypostyle hall? |
A covered area with tightly clustered columns that may be decorated with symbols, figures, and heiroglyphics |
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What are tesserae? |
A small component of a mosaic made of pebbles, marble or glass |
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Discuss how the Nile River influenced the development and design philosophy of Egyptian culture. |
"The Nile is life itself"
Had limestone quarries
Vegetation inspired motifs
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The title of this pen and ink drawing by Leonardo da Vinci is: |
The Vitruvian Man |
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Shown below is a “worm’s eye” view of the Pantheon dome. What is the opening at the top called? What are the recesses in the concrete dome interior called? As always, spelling must be correct for full credit. |
Occulus
Coffered |
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The symmetrical plan and placement of the structure shown below in relation to the forecourt suggest the beginnings of a formal and monumental approach to planning. It would serve as a prototype for Greek temple forms to follow. What is the name of this structure and what culture developed it? |
Megaron
Mycenaen |
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A frieze is made up of alternating panels: the __________ and the blank or sculpted ___________ that recall wooden rafter ends, between. Refer to illustration below. |
Triglyph
Metope |
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What arch component are the arrows pointing to? |
Voussiors |
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The decorative support illustrated at left is called a |
Monopodium |
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The folding stools shown below were featured in a) Egyptian culture b) Greek culture c) Roman culture d) Egyptian and Greek cultures e) Greek and Roman cultures f) Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultures |
F |
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Label the images below with the terms provided: Astragal Antefix Anthemion Abacus Acanthus |
Left to right: Abacus, Astragal, Acanthus, Antefix, Anthemion |
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What is entasis? Supplement your definition with a diagram as an example. |
A column with a slight outward curve. It is the most common optical refinement |
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What role did perspective and trompe l’oeil play in frescoed Roman interiors? |
In the art and decoration it created realism |
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De Architectura set forth the analysis of design goals as made up of the three phases – “utilitas,” “firmitas,” and “venustas.” Define each of these terms. |
Utilitas = function Firmitas = structure Venustas = aesthetics |
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Why did Christian builders find classical temple prototypes unsuitable as models for their churches? |
Early temples were not intended for public gather. Christian churches need an auditorium for the congregation to assemble |
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These three (3) innovations, as outlined in your text and discussed in class, typified Byzantine architecture expression:
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The pendentive
Combined centralized and basilican plan
skilled use of light as a mystic element |
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This important church embellishment was an extension of the east end in which the aisles form a semi-circular hallway (termed an ambulatory) around the back of the apse, to which a series of additional apses are added. These "extra apses", which may be used as shrines or chapels, are always odd in number, thus ensuring a centered apse at the east end of the building. a) The Cloister b) The Clerestory c) The Chevet d) The Chancel |
D |
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What is happening in the illustration below that would have such a significant impact on both the Early Christian and Byzantine periods? |
An Angel is leading Constantine as he makes the border of what will be Constanintople |
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During the Byzantine period, this ban on figural images results from the empire’s major defeats and loss of territory at the hands of the Persians, which is attributed to ignoring the Old Testament ban on graven images. In place of figures, Christian symbols, such as the cross, are combined with floral, geometric, and animal forms. What do historians call this event? |
Iconoclasim |
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The element that is placed above the capitals in the Byzantine columns below is called: |
Impost Block |
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Label the eight (8) components shown on the Early Christian basilican plan below: |
1. Foyer 2. Atrium 3. Narthex 4. Nave 5. Side Aisles 6. Alter 7. Transcept 8. Apse |
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As shown below, emphasize roof angles, spires, and parapets (walls projecting above the roof). |
Corbel tables |
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The term ________ (derived from the name Charles) is used to describe the work of this era, and can be viewed as a harbinger of Romanesque architecture and art. |
Carolinger |
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Label the three levels shown in the nave elevation below: |
Clerestory Triforium Aisle |
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What are the wings of this cloistered monastery complex called? |
Ranges |
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Label the following (must be spelled correctly): |
Left to right: tympanum and archivolt |
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As discussed in class, which two periods do the Middle Ages (“the age in the middle”) bridge? |
The fall of the Roman Empire (5th century) and the beginning of the European Renaissance (15th century) |
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The notion of asceticism was becoming popular in many of the monastic societies that were developing during the Middle Ages. Define what is meant by “ascetic.” |
Self denial and self displine |
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It was important that furnishings be portable during the Middle Ages. Give two (2) reasons why |
1. To move from one place to another, pilgrimage 2. had to be moved for multi purpose spaces |
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When Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks, Byzantine scholars fled to Italy to continue their research and preservation of Greek manuscripts. What did this intellectual pursuit of classicism eventually promote? |
Promote the Renaissance which eventually led to the development of the university system |
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Pilgrimages reflect the Romanesque period’s religious zeal. How did they contribute to the evolvement of the basilican plan (example below)? |
They built the ambulatory so pilgrims could walk around without disturbing mass |
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How did Romanesque chest construction influence that period’s chair designs? |
Chairs were a result of modified chests, they began sitting on chests and then added backs |
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The expression and articulation of masonry, roof tiles, even complete columns with their capitals, were often inconsistent or mismatched in Early Christian churches; explain why. |
They used what they found |
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Identify four (4) design motifs present in this ceiling detail from the Basilica di S. Paolo Fuori le Mura: |
Rosette, foliage, swastika, acanthus |
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The of Early Christian mosaics are of glass rather than the earlier marble. Why are these pieces typically set unevenly? |
Tesserae
To enhance light reflection |
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“The different choice and combination of symbolic forms in Western and Byzantine architecture stems from different interpretations of the dimension of time in relation to the idea of salvation.” Elaborate on these fundamental philosophical differences, and explain how they informed the two basic church plans typical of the time. |
West: man is always on his way, spatial form is path
East: total cosmic even and conceived as harmonious, dome became primary spatial form |
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Why, as in Hagia Sophia, did windows often ring the drums of domes? |
Appear as if the dome is floating and to bring in natural light |
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The addition of a westwork to churches is one of the Carolingian contributions to Western architectural traditions. What was a major reason for this addition to the basic basilican church plan? |
Developed for the king (charlemange) to look down on the church and the pope |
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What are the four (4) basic components of the cathedral group at Pisa shown below? Use correct spelling. How did their expression differ from other pilgrimage churches of the time?
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1. St. Jear 2. Cathedral 3. Campanile 4. Camposanto
Pilgrimage churches were more structured and unified |
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The large cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa were located in what region indicated by the map below? |
Indus Valley |
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A Buddhist chaitya contains what important structure? What is the purpose of that structure? |
Stupa, it contains religious objects/relics of Buddhist teachers |
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What is a Buddhist monastery called? |
Vihara |
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Variations of the Hindu ___________ shown below are put to use in site planning and architecture. |
Pada Vinyasa |
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Describe and/or illustrate the basic differences between Indian Nagara and Dravida temple forms. |
Nagara = additive
Dravida = subtractive |
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What does the term Mughal refer to? |
An architectural style that combines elements from Persian, Turkish and Indian |
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A Mughal garden is referred to as a __________ |
Carbagh |
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Floral, animal, and human figurative elements were not permitted by the Sikh religion consistent with Muslim law. True or False |
False |
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Indian carpets follow Persian practice, although there is greater use of naturalistic plant and animal motifs. |
True |
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What does the term “Angkor” refer to? Examples discusses include Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom. |
Temple City |
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The tantric Buddhist mandala shown below informed what Indonesian temple in Java? |
The stupa of Borobudur |
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Shiva would be represented in which of the following temples? a) Buddhist b) Jain e) Islamic g) a and c h) candf |
G |
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Why were Muslim men and women probably more literate than others during the Middle Ages? |
Islam's emphasis on studying the Koran |
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Non-Western developments begin in separate geographical locations and progress through many centuries without connection to Western events. Why is the history of Islamic design considered a somewhat different matter? |
Its defined by religious concerns and a wide cultural influence rather than geography |
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“All-over surface patterns and visual complexity mark Islamic art and architecture.” Explain why. |
Abstract patterns mind Muslims of infinity and divine presence whose creation features external patterns |
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Label the three motifs shown below that are part of the Islamic decorative canon. |
Left to right: Caligraphy, Geometric, Arabesque |
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A Muslim innovation is , a shiny glaze resembling metal that is used on tiles. |
Luster |
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Carefully diagram and label the three (3) arch forms found in Islamic buildings. |
Horseshoe
Ogival
Scalloped |
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These three (3) plan types develop and characterize mosques throughout the Muslim empire: a) b) c) |
Courtyard and hypostyle hall
4 iwan mosque plan
domed and centrally planned
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The name given to individual Moors or Muslims who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not converted to Christianity: |
Mudéhar |
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A type of corbel employed as a decorative device in traditional Islamic and Persian architecture: |
Muqarna |
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A pulpit in the mosque where the imam (prayer leader) stands to deliver sermons: |
Minbar |
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Replaced the function of the minarets in many Persian mosques: |
Goldast |
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A niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla: |
Mihrab |
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A technique of carving plaster used by the Spanish Moors: |
Yeseria |
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A place of worship for followers of Islam: |
Masjid |
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The royal prayer enclosure: |
Maksura |
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An institute of higher learning in Muslim countries: |
Madrasah |
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A rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open: |
Iwan |
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Label the two knotting techniques shown below used in many Anatolian and Persian carpets. |
Left to right: Turkbâf, Farsbâf |
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What is the function of small arches found high on the wall in many Middle Eastern houses? |
Filter air from one space to another |
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Label the structural component for each of the interior spaces represented below. Describe the different approach for each concept that resolves the transition of “circle over square.” |
1. Occulus, Dome, Pendentive
2. Squinch, Dome, Drum |
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Name the interior detail (shown below) found in many Islamic houses and palaces. What are the two (2) basic functions of this feature? |
1. Panelling on lower wall protects against stains from rising damp
2. Dado rail provided protection from furniture |
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What is the significance of the Islamic furnishing represented to the left? |
Holds Koran |