Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phenomenology
|
Wundt;
emphasis on consciousness of aware mind; conscious thoughts and feelings are the cause of everything you do |
|
Hierarchy of Needs
|
Maslow; physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
|
|
Self-Actualized
|
state of developing one's potential to the fullest
|
|
Carl Rogers
|
Humanist;
positive regard and conditions of worth; client-centered therapy |
|
Positive Regard
|
we need people to see us as a good person
|
|
Conditions of worth
|
conditional positive regards of someone
ex "we'll be pissed if you don't get good grades" |
|
Preference realization
|
getting what you want, you decide, actually life matches ideal life
|
|
Measures of well-being
|
affective measures;
cognitive measures |
|
Affective measures
|
positive affect (happy)
negative affect (sad); together create Hedonic balance; tells us how often we feel good or bad |
|
Cognitive measures
|
involve a judgement - one's judgment of one's life;
tell us if we feel good or bad |
|
Hedonism
|
Trying to maximize the pleasure in one's life
|
|
Adaptation Theory
|
adaptation is inevitable, quick, complete and happens in all life events
|
|
Possible explanations of cross-sectional effects
|
Selection (once unhappy, always)
Lasting Effect (event happens, then unhappy), Adaptation (unhappy during event, but then regain happiness) |
|
McCrae and Costa
|
universality of traits - whether traits are constant across cultures or if they vary
|
|
Approaches to studying culture
|
Evoked culture, transmitted culture, and culture universals
|
|
Evoked Cultures
|
Phenomena that are triggered in different ways by different environmental conditions
EX: physical fight when someone insults you |
|
Transmitted Culture
|
representations that exist originally in one person's mind that are transmitted to other minds through observation or interaction with the original person
|
|
Cultural Universals
|
Attempt to identify features of personality that appear to be universal ; "human nature" level of analyzing personality
|
|
Goldberg
|
All cultures may have similar adaptive challenges - Big 5
|
|
Church and Katigbak
|
Filipino students who spoke Tagalog and English - found Big 5 consistencies
|
|
Determinist Thesis
|
Given the state of the world at T1, plus the laws of nature, there is only one possible state of the world at T2; free will is an illusion; the past determines the present
|
|
Behaviorism's Optimistic Determinism
|
the present is determined by the past, but that means the future is determined by what we do now
|
|
John B. Watson
|
given specified conditions, can raise children to be whatever he chooses them to be based on the training he gives them
|
|
Empiricism
|
The idea that all knowledge comes from eperience
|
|
Associationism
|
Any two things become mentally associated into one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time
|
|
Learning
|
relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
|
|
Associate Learning
|
learning that two events occur together
|
|
Habituation
|
reflexive response to a stimulus diminishes in strength with repeated exposures
|
|
Classical Conditioning
|
Pavlov - used bell-tone to condition a dog to drool after implementing a bell when the dog was feeding. Dog began to droll upon hearing the bell, associating the noise with eating; animal learns relationships between two stimuli
|
|
Operant Conditioning
|
Skinnerian conditioning; animal learns the relationships between responses and consequences
|
|
Thorndike's Law of Effect
|
tendency to perform a given response is strengthened or weakened by the effect that the response brings about (puzzle box, cats)
|
|
B. F. Skinner
|
Radical Behaviorism - idea that all we need to study is observable behavior; behavior happens from outside events, not thoughts, feelings, etc
|
|
Reinforcer
|
an environmental consequence of a response that makes the response more likely to recur
positive or negative |
|
Positive reinforcement
|
behavior leads to more of a positive outcome
good grades - scholarship - good grades |
|
Negative Reinforcement
|
behavior leads to less of a negative outcome
studying - reduces test anxiety - study more |
|
Punishment
|
an environmental consequence of a response that makes the response less likely to recur
commit crime - jail - stop criminal acts |
|
Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory
|
Habit hierarchy - you have different habits, some are more likely than others to be enacted; reinforcements change which are more likely
drives - primary and secondary |
|
Rotter
|
Expectancy value theory: behavioral decisions are determined by the size of reinforcements and beliefs about the likelihood of obtaining it
|
|
Expectancies vs behaviorism
|
actual rewards and punishments vs beliefs about rewards and punishments
|
|
Locus of control
|
External and internal
|
|
External
|
people with low generalized expectancies think that everything is out of their control; less independent, more depressed and stressed
|
|
Internal
|
People with high generalized expectancies think that things are in their control; higher achievers; greater life satisfaction
|
|
Bandura's social learning theory
|
efficacy expectations - it's about what you can do not the rewards you get
|
|
High self-efficacy
|
more likely to do behavior
engage in behavior long prepare more for behavior |
|
Observational learning
|
learning can take place by watching others
|
|
Priming
|
concepts that have been activated recently are quick to come to mind;
perception |
|
Chronic accessibility
|
concepts that are constantly primed;
perception |
|
Perceptual defense
|
chronically defend against awareness of specific content
ex: takes people less time to recognize neutral words than sexually charged words |
|
Sensory registers
|
lasts a few seconds
iconic storage echoic storage |
|
Iconic storage
|
Visual
|
|
Echoic storage
|
auditory
|
|
Short term memory (working memory)
|
mental scratch-pad;
20-30 seconds; holds 7 +- 2 items; consciousness; information we can keep in mind when we are doing typical "thinking" |
|
Long-term memory
|
permanent and infinite (almost);
explicit memory; implicit memory |
|
Explicit Memory
|
consciously accessible
semantic memory: facts, definitions, lyrics episodic memory: specific events |
|
Implicit Memory
|
not consciously accessible;
procedural memory, behaviors learning (classical and operant) |
|
Encoding
|
stage theory;
rehearsal sends things from STM to LTM but you must put in hooks for things to stick to LTM |
|
Motivational psychology
|
bridges gap between many areas of psychology
motives |
|
Motives
|
internal states that arouse and direct behavior toward specific objects or goals;
can answer why people do what they do |
|
Motivation
|
most early work in personality dealt with this (Maslow, Rogers, Freud)
current research concerns goals and strategies |
|
Goals
|
can be specific or general (need a balance);
short- or long-term without goals life is chaotic, can become depressed |
|
Idiographic goals
|
goals that are unique to the person pursuing them;
"Personal Project" Little; "Personal Strivings" Emmons |
|
Nomothetic goals
|
Goals we all seek to achieve (life, liberty)
McClelland: Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, Need for Power |
|
Defensive pessimism
|
Assume the worst will happen so you can be happy when it does not
|
|
Emotions
|
rational decisions vs emotional decisions
|
|
Stages of emotional experience
|
Appraisal
Physical Responses Facial expressions Nonverbal expressions Motives |
|
Appraisal
|
judgement of stimulus as emotionally relevant
|
|
Physical responses
|
such as changes in pulse
|
|
Facial expressions
|
smiles or snarls
|
|
Nonverbal behaviors
|
jumping or making a fist
|
|
Ekman
|
Basic emotions; identified six basic emotions
happy, sad, anger, fear, surprise, disgust |
|
Facial expressions
|
recognizable, universal, present without learning, blind from birth make same facials
|
|
Emotion states vs emotion traits
|
states: transitory, depend more on situation than person
traits: pattern a person constantly experiences across a variety of life situations |
|
4 personality processes
|
perception, thought, motives, emotion
|
|
Self-reference effect
|
enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking of how information relates to the self
|
|
William James
|
the "me" self and "i" self
|
|
"Me" self
|
an object that can be observed and described
our self-concept |
|
"i" self
|
part of you that does observing and describing
part of you that actually thinks, feels |
|
Self-regard
|
Individuals vs collectivists;
collectivists work harder after failure, individuals look for other strengths; need for high self-regard is higher for individualist cultures |
|
Consistency
|
collectivists are less consistent in their behaviors; inconsistency has more consequences for individualists than collectivists
|
|
Explicit knowledge
|
declarative knowledge, conscious knowledge you have and articulate
|
|
implicit knowledge
|
includes procedural - comes from just doing things (riding a bike, driving a car)
semantic - comes from simple associations (classical conditioning) |
|
Self esteem
|
general evaluation of your self-concept along with a good-bad or like-dislike dimension
with failure, low are more likely to perform poorly on subsequent tasks |
|
DSM
|
diagnostic and statistical manual;
makes diagnoses more objective and to provide explicit diagnosis for insurance purposes |
|
Personality disorders
|
unusually extreme, problematic, social, stable, ego syntonic (people who have the disorder don't perceive it as a problem)
|
|
Three groups of disorders
|
Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic
Odd/Eccentric Anxious/Fearful |
|
Dramatic Emotional Erratic
|
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
|
|
Odd or Eccentric
|
Paranoid
Schizoid Schizotypal |
|
Anxious Fearful
|
Avoidant
dependent obsessive-complusive |