Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Physiological consequences of activation of Alpha 1
|
Mydriasis (increased pupil size)
Constriction of arterioles in skin, viscera, mucous membranes constriction of veins constriction of prostate capsule ejaculation constriction of trigone and sphincter of bladder |
|
|
Physiological consequences of activation of Alpha 2
|
inhibition of Norepinephrine transmitter release in CNS
antihpertension action by reducing the sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and the heart |
|
|
Physiological consequences of activation of Beta 1
|
increases HR, firce of contraction, and velocity of impulse conduction through the AV node.
causes kidney to release renin |
|
|
Physiological consequences of activation of Beta 2
|
dilation of arterioles in the heart, lungs, skeletal muscle,
relaxation of uterus promotes breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle enhances skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
Physiological consequences of activation of Dopmine
|
in periphery activation dilates renal blood vessels
in CNS activation increases the level of dopamine |
|
|
Adreneric Agonists Alpha 1
|
Epinephrine
norepinephrine Ephedrine Phenylephrine Dopamine |
|
|
Adreneric Agonists Alpha 2
|
Epinephrine
norepinephrine Ephedrine cntrally acting alpha 2 agonists clonidine |
|
|
Adreneric Agonists Beta 1
|
Epinephrine
norepinephrine Ephedrine Isoproterenol Dobutamine Dopamine |
|
|
Adreneric Agonists Beta 2
|
Epinephrine
Terbutaline Ephedrine Isoproterenol |
|
|
Adreneric Agonists Dopamine
|
Dopmine
|
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic Agonists Alpha 1
|
Hpyertension
Necrosis Bradycardia |
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic Agonists Alpha 2
|
No clinical significance in periphery
centrally acting alpha 2 agonists: Drowsiness xerostoma (dry mouth) Rebound hypertension pregnancy must be ruled out before administration |
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic Agonists Beta 1
|
Altered HR or Rhythm
Angina Pectoris (no O2) |
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic Agonists Beta 2
|
Hyperglycemia
|
|
|
Physiological consequences of blockade Alpha 1
|
Relation of radial muscle in iris causing pupil constriction
diliation of arterioles in skin, viscera, mucous membranes dilation of veins relaxation of prostate capsule inhibition of ejaculation contraction of trigone and sphincter of bladder decrease in HTN due to dilation of arterioles and veins (erectile dysfunction) |
|
|
Physiological consequences of blockade Alpha 2
|
No recognized therapeutic applications
|
|
|
Physiological consequences of blockade Beta 1
|
decreases HR, force of contraction, and velocity of impulse conduction through AV node
causes kidney to hold onto renin decreases HTN by suppressing renin release and reducing peripheral vascular resistance decrease the rate of sinus nodal discharge and suppress conduction of atrial impulses through the AV node reduce pain, infarct size, mortality and the risk of reinfarction when given soon after MI in controled doses can improve LV ejection fraction, increase exercise tolerance, slow progression of HF, reduce need for hospitalization, and prolong survival suppresses the effects of hyperthyroidism migraine prophylactically (tending to ward off disease) glaucoma |
|
|
Physiological consequences of blockade Beta 2
|
decreases HR, force of contraction, and velocity of impulse conduction through AV node
causes kidney to hold onto renin decreases HTN by suppressing renin release and reducing peripheral vascular resistance decrease the rate of sinus nodal discharge and suppress conduction of atrial impulses through the AV node reduce pain, infarct size, mortality and the risk of reinfarction when given soon after MI in controled doses can improve LV ejection fraction, increase exercise tolerance, slow progression of HF, reduce need for hospitalization, and prolong survival suppresses the effects of hyperthyroidism prophylactically reduces the frequency of migraines glaucoma |
|
|
Adrenergic Antagonists Alpha 1 selcetive blockers
|
Prazosin
Doxazosin Alfuzosin Terazosin Tamsulosin |
|
|
Adrenergic Antagonists Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 blockers
|
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine |
|
|
Adrenergic antagonist cardioselective Beta Blockers
|
Acebutolol
Atenolol (Tenormin) Betaxolol Bisoprolol Esmolol Metoprolol (Lepressor) |
|
|
Adrenergic antagonist nonselective Beta Blockers
|
Carteolol (Cartrol)
Carvedilol (coreg) Labetalolo Nadolol Penbutolol Pindolol Propranolol Sotalol Timolol |
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic antagonis Alpha 1
|
Orthostatic-hypotension
Reflex Tachycardia Nasal Congestion Inhibition of Ejaculation |
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic antagonis Alpha 2
|
Potentiation of reflex tachycardia
|
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic antagonis Beta 1
|
Bradycardia
Reduced CO Precipitation of HF AV heart block Rebound Cardiac excitation |
|
|
Adverse effects of Adrenergic antagonis Beta 2
|
Bronchoconstriction
inhibition of Glycogenolysis |
|
|
Neuropharmacology
|
How neurons regulate physiologic processes
|
|
|
Mechanisms by which neuropharmacologic agents act
|
* sites of action (axon vs synapses)
* steps in synaptic transmission * Effects of drugs on the steps of synaptic transmission |
|
|
|
1. Axonal conduction
2. Synaptic Transmission |
|
|
How neurons regulate physiologic processes?
|
Axonal conduction
Synaptic Transmission |
|
|
Axonal Conduction
|
Action potential down the axon
Drugs that act by altering axonal conduction are not very selective example: local anesthetics |
|
|
Synaptic Transmission
|
Information carried across the neuron gap and the postsynaptic cell
Most neuropharmacological agents act by altering synaptic transmission |
|
|
Receptors
|
the ability of a neuron to influence the behavior of another cell depends ultimately, upon the ability of that neuron to alter receptor activity on the target cell
|
|
|
Steps in synaptic Transmission
|
1. Transmitter synthesis
2. Transmitter Storage 3. Transmitter release 4. Receptor Binding 5. Termination of Transmission |
|
|
|
1. Transmitter synthesis
2. Transmitter Storage 3. Transmitter release 4. Receptor Binding 5. Termination of Transmission |
Show steps in synaptic transmission
|
|
Neuropharmacologic Agents
|
Do not want to give this often most work by altering transmission.
|
|
|
effects of drugs on transmitter synthesis
|
increase transmitter synthesis
decrease transmitter synthesis cause the synthesis of transmitter molecules (super transmitter) |
|
|
effects of drugs on transmitter storage
|
cause receptor activation to decrease
|
|
|
effects of drugs on transmitter release
|
Promote or inhibit release
|
|
|
effects of drugs on receptor binding
|
cause activation
block activation enhance activation |
|
|
effects of drugs on termination of transmission
|
block transmission reuptake
inhibit transmitter degradation |
|
|
|
parasympathetic - rest and digest
sympathetic - fight or flight |
Nervous systems
|
|
Autonomic nervous system principle functions
|
Regulate the heart
regulate secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, and bronchial) regulate smooth muscle (bronchi, blood vessels, urogentital system, and GI tract) |
|
|
Parasympathetic nervous system
|
Rest and digest
*slowing HR * Increased gastric secretion * Emptying the bladder * Emptying the bowel * Focusing the eye for near vision * Constricting the pupil * Contracting bronchial smooth muscle |
|
|
Sympathetic Nervous system
|
* regulation of the cardiovascular system (maintain blood flow to the brain, redistribution of blood, compensation for blood loss)
* Regulation of body temperature (regulation of blood flow to the skin, promote secretion of sweat, induce piloerection of hair) * implementation of flight or fight reaction (increase HR and BP, shunt blood away from viscera and skin, dilate bronchi, dilate pupils, mobilize stored energy) |
|
|
mechanisms autonomic system regulates physiologic processes
|
* patterns of innervation and control
* feedback regulation (baroreceptor reflex) * Autonomic tone |
|
|
Peripheral nervous system neurotransmitters
|
* Acetylcholine (employed at most junctions of the peripheral nervous system)
* Norepinephrine (released by most postganglionic neurons) * Epinrphrine (released by the adrena medulla) |
|
|
PNS Cholinergic receptors
|
Mediated by acetylcholine
|
|
|
PNS Adrenergic receptors
|
Mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
Subtype cholinergic receptor
|
Nicotinic n
Nicotinic m Muscarinic |
|
|
Subtype of adrenergic receptor
|
Alpha 1
Alpha 2 Beta 1 Beta 2 Dopamine |
|