Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the half-life of a medicine?
|
- length of time when 1/2 dosage is still active in the body
|
|
What are the biological effects of a drug used for?
|
- treatment
- diagnosis - prevention |
|
What is tolerance?
|
- a condition in which the dose of a drug must be increased (over time) to obtain the desired effect -or- a decreasing intensity of responsiveness to a drug over time
|
|
What is tachyphylaxis?
|
- rapidly developing tolerance to a drug -or- a rapid decrease in responsiveness to a drug
|
|
What is an additive effect?
|
- the effect of two chemicals acting simultaneously on the same receptors and is the simple sum of the effects that they would have if acting alone
|
|
What is synergism?
|
- the presence of one chemical that enhances the effects of the second
- when 2 drugs act on a target organ by different mechanisms of action and the effect of the pair is greater than the sum of the separate effects of the drugs |
|
What is the pharmaceutical phase?
|
- method by which a drug is delivered
|
|
What are the benefits of inhalation (of a drug)?
|
- immediate onset of action at desired site
- reduced systemic side effects - smaller doses required - ability of patient to self-administer |
|
What is the pharmacokinetic phase?
|
- time required for drug absorption, distribution, metabolization, & excretion
|
|
What is potentiation?
|
- special case of synergism in which one drug has no effect, but can increase the activity of the other drug
- also, the action of these two drugs result in the total effect being greater than the sum of the independent effects |
|
What is the pharmacodynamic phase?
|
- mechanism of action by which a drug causes its therapeutic effect
|
|
What is an agonist?
|
- a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell
|
|
What is an antagonist?
|
- a substance that binds to a receptor but fails to activate the receptor and actually blocks it from activation by agonists
|
|
What are the prescription requirements?
|
- patient name
- drug name - dose - frequency - route of administration |
|
What are the normal routes of administration (fastest to slowest)?
|
- IV (intravenous)
- Inhaled (aerosol to lung) - IM (intramuscular) - Sub Q (subcutaneous injection) - Sublingual or rectal absorption - Oral - Topical |
|
What should be checked BEFORE administering a drug?
|
- patient's chart information
- dosage - response to previous administration of drug - medication label - dates of expiration or opening of the drug - patient's ID/name band |
|
What is a solute?
|
- active ingredient of a mixture
- substance that is dissolved inside the solvent - expressed as mg or g |
|
What is the formula for finding a solute?
|
solute (mg)= solvent (ml) x concentration
|
|
What is the solvent (ml)?
|
- volume/medium that your active ingredient is dissolved in
|
|
What is the formula for finding the solvent?
|
solvent (ml)= mg or solute
_______ _______________ mg/ml concentration |
|
What is a solution?
|
- stable mixture of 2 or more substances
- expressed as mg/ml - expressed as a ration |
|
What is the concentration?
|
- the % solution of the active ingredient in the drug
- it is the weight (in grams or mg) of solute dissolved in a volume (in ml) of solvent, expressed as a % - 1% solution means that 1 gram (1000mg) of solute is dissolved in 100ml of solvent - 1000mg/100ml = 10mg/ml |
|
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?
|
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system |
|
What are the characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system?
|
- "adrenergic" (relating to nerve fibers that release epinephrine/norepinephrine at the synapse
- uses epi/norepinephrine as neurotransmitters - has (3) receptor sites of stimulation - fight or flight - dilates pupils - dilates bronchioles - speeds up HR - secretes adrenaline |
|
What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system?
|
- "cholinergic"
- uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter - "feed or breed" - constricts pupils - slows down HR - constricts bronchioles (results in bronchoconstriction) |
|
What are the 3 adrenergic receptors?
|
- alpha: vasoconstriction & vasopressor
(increases BP) - Beta 1: increased cardiac rate & strength of contraction - Beta 2: smooth muscle relaxation bronchodilation, stimulates mucociliary activity, minor inhibition of inflammatory action |
|
What are the andrenergic receptor strengths?
|
0= none
1= weak 2= moderate 3= strong 4= very strong |
|
What does stimulation of adrenergic receptors via sympathomimetic drugs cause?
|
- activation of adenylate cylclase
- increases conversion of ATP into cylic 3'5' AMP - relaxes smooth muscle in airway - results in bronchodilation |