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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the translation of Philosophy? |
Love of Wisdom |
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What are the different fields of Philosophy? |
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Value-Theory, Logic |
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What is the difference between Nonrational and Irrational? |
Nonrational - That which "transcends" reason (some logic to it) Irrational - a claim that that " runs a foul" of good reasoning (totally insane, always bad) |
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What is foundationalism? |
epistemology position used to justify a belief by starting off with a claim or statement that is beyond a doubt true. (upside down pyramid, build up with a single absolute truth) |
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What is the definition of Philosophy? |
To attempt to think rationally and critically about the most important questions |
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What is the difference between Philosophy and Religion? |
The two are similar, to determine the ultimate truth or meaning, but religion requires more ritual activities like worship. |
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What is the difference between Philosophy and Science? |
Science deals only with the natural world, thing that are concrete; whereas Philosophy goes more into abstract thought |
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What is a proposition? |
a claim that can be both true of false Ex. God Exist |
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For a good argument wat needs to e presented? |
At least two propositions |
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What is an informal Fallacy? |
a mistake in reasoning due to carelessness regarding relevance and clarity |
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Why is it common for people to use informal fallacies? |
Because they are easy to use. |
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What are the three main types of Informal Fallacies? |
*Ad Hominem *Red Herring *false Dilemma |
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What is an Ad Hominem? |
when one attacks the person offering an argument rather than attacking the actual question. |
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What is Red Herring? |
When irrelevant information is thrown out in an attempt to distract from the current topic |
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What is a False Dilemma? |
Limiting the options to only two when there are in fact more options |
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What is the framing effect? |
The impact caused by the dramatically or uniquely framing a question or statement |
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What are loaded questions? |
Questions that force an unwanted response |
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What is Metaphysics? |
The study of reality |
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What is Epistemology? |
theory of knowledge |
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What is Value-Theory? |
study of values, morals, political, aesthetics, etc. |
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What is logic? |
study of principles of reasoning |
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What is the story of Socrates? |
A philosopher who was put to death by poison by his piers because of his superior philosophical thinking. He "heroically died for truth", claiming that "the unexamined life is not worth living" |
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What is an argument? |
any group of propositions of which one conclusion is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing support for the conclusion |
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What is a conclusion? |
proposition of an argument that is affirmed on the basis o the other propositions premises |
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What are premises? |
propositions of an argument used to provide support for the conclusion |
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What are millers four principles? |
Clarification, Deculturalization, Modified Sergeant Friday, Smartness |
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Explain Miller's Clarification Principle. |
to jump to conclusions until you fully understand the ideas |
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Explain Miller's Deculturalization principle. |
focus on the core idea/issue as opposed to side features |
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Explain Miller's Principle of Modified Sergeant Friday. |
pay attention to exactly what the theorist means |
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Explain Miller's principle of smartness. |
be charitable in interpreting other philosophers word, view position from both sides |
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What is the problem of the one and the many? |
The problem of identifying the ultimate reality (The One) that underlies all thing ( the Many) and explaining the relationship between them. |
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What is Monism? |
a metaphysical belief that ultimate reality is, in some sense, one |
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What are the three Pre-Socratic Traditions? |
The Ionian Tradition, The Italian Tradition, and The Pluralist Tradition |
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Explain the Ionians Pre-Socratic Tradition. |
Ionians identify ultimate reality with sensible substance (Examples: Heraclitus "world is made of fire", Xenophanes " the world is made of water + earth", Thales " the world is made from water") |
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Explain the Italians Pre-Socratic traditions. |
The belief that ultimate reality is explained by numbers |
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Explain the pluralist pre-socratic traditions. |
the belief that ultimate reality is composed of more than one substance. |
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What are the significant outcomes of the Pre-socratics? |
*Formulation of the Problem of the One and the Many *First rational views instead of myth e.g "god" *Laid the ground work for Plato and Aristotle |
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Pre-Socratics Emphasised on __________. |
form |
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About what time period were the Pre-Socratics around? |
500 bc |
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Who is the sweeping philosopher? |
Heraclitus because he was always depressed |
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Which philosopher believed that the world is motionless and an illusion? |
Parmenides |
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What is the Socratic Problem? |
The issue of determining the difference between Plato and Socrates work. Because Plato wrote all of Socrates teachings, but we don't know where Socrates ends and Plato begins in Plato's notes |
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True or false: Socrates was the student of Plato? |
False. Plato was the student of Socrates |
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What did Plato believe the "Ultimate Reality" is? |
Plato believed that the world of being (ultimate reality) was just a world of forms (true forms not copies like the everyday world) |
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What was Plato's view point on Reality. |
There were two worlds the world of Being and Becoming. In the world of being, the ultimate reality there are only forms. In the world of Becoming there are only copies of the ultimate reality which is what are minds are forced to see in everyday experiences. |
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What are the 6 features of forms? |
Objective, Transcendent, Eternal, Intelligible, Archetypal, and Perfect |
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Explain the Objective feature of form. |
mind-independent, existing "out there" |
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Explain the Transcendent feature of forms. |
outside space/time |
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Explain the Eternal feature of form. |
Changeless motionless |
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Explain the Intelligible feature of form. |
only graspable via the intellect (not sense) |
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Explain the Archetypal feature of form. |
models for everything does/could exist |
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Explain the Perfect feature of forms. |
include absolutely and perfectly all the features of the things they model |
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What is Plato's answer to the problem of the One and the Many? |
everything in this world is connect to the world of forms (Ultimate Reality/World of Being) and we simple participate or copy that world in this reality (World of becoming) |
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What is Plato's Dividing Line? |
A chart that shows the level of reality and who the correspond with a persons level of knowledge |
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What is the highest form of reality and corresponding Knowledge on Plato's Dividing Line Chart? |
Highest form of Reality = The Word of Forms Highest form of Knowledge = Reasoning/understanding of the form |
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What is the lowest form of reality and corresponding Knowledge on Plato's Dividing Line Chart? |
Lowest form of Reality = Images ( painting, shadows, copies of copies) Lowest form of Knowledge = Imagination |
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What is the Cave Analogy? |
The Cave is were most people are who don't understand the true reality outside the cave. |
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What happens to the man who leaves the cave adn tries to tell people inside the cave about the true reality, and who does that represent? |
The man is killed by the people inside the cave, and it represent the story of Socrates |
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What does the sun represent in the Cave Analogy? |
The Sun represents the good (world of forms) that shines the truth but also cause people in the cave to only see shadow/copies. |
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Who criticized Plats work? |
Aristotle |
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What did Aristotle say was wrong with Plato's view. |
The two world can't be connect so they can't be true. the world of forms and the physical worlds have no ties. |
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What is Aristotle's view of the form? |
Aristotle believes that forms exist within all particular object "No matter with out form no form without matter" |
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What philosopher has a transcendent forms view? |
Plato |
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What philosopher has an immanent forms view? |
Aristotle |
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What is the one exception to Aristotle's "No form without matter no matter form"? |
God is the unmoved Mover = Pure Form |
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What is Aristotle's teleological vision of nature? |
That the universe in purposeful and good, with every part serving the whole |
