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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aristotle
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-realism (virtue)/practical
-human nature -city/state serves family, its role is to cultivate virtue -thing acts according to what it is -man by nature is a social animal |
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Plato
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-idealism
-individual finds place in serving the city/state |
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societies following realism
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democracy, capitalism, aristocracy
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societies following idealism
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socialism, communism, marxism
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philosophers that follow the state
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Pythagorean, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Stoics
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philosophers that follow the individual
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sophists, epicureans
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Pythagoreans
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individual subordinate to whole for good of the state
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citizen
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individual law of that state that follows laws
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Hegel
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defined ourselves based on social relations
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sophists
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violate law
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epicureans
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egoism self-interest p 184
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stoics
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natural law/participation p 185-186
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Hugo Grotius & Thomas Hobbes
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social contract agreement among society p 194
natural rights: life, liberty, happiness state creates human law peace from individual sacrafice |
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Hobbes
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wrote "The Leviathian" man is ferocious animal, self negative view p 195
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four types of law by Thomas Aquinas
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law is an ordinance of reason made common good by one who has care of community and must be promulgated
1. Reasonable 2. Common good 3. Made by someone who has care of community (legislature) 4. promulgated, public |
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Types of law
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1. Eternal law: universe, highest law (seasons)
2. Divine law: 10 commandments, religious law 3. Natural law: naturally knowable, automatically known, born with, barrow-return, good is persued and evil avoided, morality, conscience 4. Human law: created by humans, civil, legislatures, not perfect, mistakes, pressures. |
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U.S. is based on
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founded on natural law
when there is a conflict, higher laws are used unjust law is no law at all Gandhi- human laws are unjust |
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natural rights
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cannot take rights away
for common good laws when necessary free of gov, police spying right to keep what is earned not to be interfered with right to be left alone |
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liberalism
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Ted Kennedy
people defined by strong set of natural rights, but rights are different, positive rights for benefit of society give up more rights - decent housing, education, health care, security, food -strong government, social programs |
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libertarian
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Ron Paul
tea party little government people defined as selves by strong set of natural rights (negative - "don't") |
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Duty theory
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people communitarian reject rights theory favor duty. on extreme communism - self becomes function of society rather than independent identity
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communism
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no self outside society
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socialism
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advocates equal access for all a leveling common/public ownership
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capitalism
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-free market
-private control of businesses -limited interference |
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King Solomon the wise
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meaning of life, happiness, Ecclesiastes
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Vanity
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Hebel = uselessness, like Locke, wisdom/experience
life has a purpose just don't know what it is |
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Albert Camus
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absurdity- should give life meaning
family, career, money, goals/hobbies, religion/God, after life or no meaning |
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Boethius
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studied with academy, joint consuls, jack of all trades, statesman, consuls, good man, stood for justice, master of kinds office
arrested/prison 1. desired safety of senate 2. hindered use of perg. testimony of senate 3. desired freedom of Rome 4. guilty sacrilege magical contact with evil spirits |
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stoicism with happiness
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-Porch, Zeno
- rest on a dogma -happiness is found in apathy, not caring - tranquility -resign to fate -epicetist - sick yet happy, exile happy, fate |
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epicureanism with happiness
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happiness = pleasure
avoiding pain ultilitarism |
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Eudaemonism
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-happiness = virtue
- ethical doctrine that personal happiness is chief good and proper aim of action, happiness and virtue (pure) are identical |
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How has the great social debate among philosophers differed on the role of the individual in society?
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Aristotle believes that the state should serve the individual, and the individual serves the family in order to cultivate virtue.
Plato believes that individual should serve the city/society |
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Who among the ancient Greeks considered the function of man was subordinate himself to the needs of society and emphasized a well-administered government?
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plato and the pythagoreans believed that the individual should subordinate themselves to whole for good of the state. "good man was a good citizen" laws are used to make the whole good.
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Who among the ancient Greeks advocated instead for the ultimate worth and independence of each member? How have these two opposing views shaped the form of government in civilization?
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Aristotle believed that man is by nature a social animal and as such can realize his true self only in society and among his kind, the goal of the state is to produce good citizens. it should be organized and conducted so that it enables each member to become wholly good. individual to live virtuous and happy life.
social contract theory these two views form a social contract agreement amount society and there is peace from individual sacrifice, laws allow people to stay in line, but we cannot be deprived without due process |
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What is the result of complete state dominance on the individual? What is the result on society of the complete independence of individuals?
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loss of freedom, every aspect of life contains laws
chaos and the ability to do whatever to whom every whenever, dangerous to human kind |
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How did Thomas Hobbes seek to reconcile these two views by forming a model of government that achieves a balance? Explain how this "concept" of Thomas Hobbes works?
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mutual contract, men give up their rights for the good of society. to insure men transfer power to a ruler or an assembly, after the ruler has been set up and given power men must obey
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Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke all philosophized about a concept called natural rights. What is meant by this thoery of natural rights?
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natural rights: life, liberty, and happiness,
Grotius: man has certain natural rights which are rooted in his very nature which even God cannot change or destroy, limited by human law. Hobbes: man has natural right to do anything which he pleases, urge for self preservation, ferocious animal (war and pillage(, voluntarily gives up his rights, Locke: original and natural state of all men is one of perfect freedom and equality, all men are free and equal, no one has the right to take away another's life liberty and processions. main purpose of a law is to preserve social group limited to public good of society, men are left to be free |
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How did this view influence America's founding fathers in the seminal documents of our country? How has this natural rights theory influenced current American thought on fundamental rights? What are some of these fundamental rights explicitly mentioned in the U.S. constitution?
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the U.S. is founded on natural law, where good is pursued and evil is avoided, morality, conscience. cannot take away natural rights. liberties
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What is the definition of law according to thomas aq? name and define four types of law by TA. What are characteristics of human civil law that have enabled philosophers suggest it is okay to disobey civil law?
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law is an ordinance of reason made for common good by one who has care of community and must be promulgated
philosophers feel that 'human law' contains mistakes making it at times beneficial and necessary to disobey civil law. unjust law is no law at all, ghandi - human laws are unjust |
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Describe each of the different philosophies of happiness?
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stoicism: rests on dogma, happiness is found in apathy, not caring, tranquility, resign to fate, epicetists: sick yet happy
epicureanism: happiness = pleasure, avoiding pain, ultilitarism eudaemonism: happiness = virtue, personal happiness is chief good and proper aim of action, happiness and virtue are identical (pure), virtuous knowledge, to do what is right |
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Discuss the stoic view of fortune as "deceptive when she seems to promise happiness, beneficial when she comes as misfortune."
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Adverse fortune teaches, benefits of misfortune, leads back to what is good shows true friends. gift of fortune do not give happiness. silly notion that happiness is based on good fortune.
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How does lady philosophy argue that the gifts of fortune are incomplete? What is perfect happiness according to Lady philosophy?
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gifts of fortune only deceive, grass is always greener on the other side, everyone always finds something lacking in their lives, no one is entirely satisfied with his lot
Lady Philosophy believes that God is true happiness, P: source of all things is good, P: God is source of all things therefore C: God is good. God is the highest good & source of happiness |
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What is mans nature according to lady philosophy? What is fortune's nature? How can man truly be happy relating to nature?
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nature of man is to be ruled by emotions
fortune's nature is fickle and changing, two faced |
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How do wicked men lose their nature and become like beasts?
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evil men try to achieve same goal as virtuous by variety of concupiscence,anyone who abandons virtue ceases to be a man, since he cannot share in the divine nature and instead becomes a beast, vice lowers those whom it has seduced from the condition of men beneath human nature, to give ones self to evil is to lose one's human nature
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how is true happiness contrasted with false happiness? what are false happiness and how do these false gifts of fortune leave us unsatisfied?
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false happiness, wealth social position, marriage, children, false happiness is weak, true happiness you have power
true happiness is what makes a man self-sufficient, powerful, worthy of reverence and renown and joyful |
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what is the sum, pivot and cause of all men's desire? what proof does lady philosophy use to establish god as the source of happiness?
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goodness is rightly considered the sum pivot and cause of a that men desire, logic, there cannot exist two highest goods which differ from one another. happiness an God are the highest good; that must be the highest happiness which is the highest divinity.
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how does LP comfort B in his suffering? How does she reason that he should not regret his struggles with fortune?
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1
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how are virtue and the middle ground the antidotes of philosophy that LP offers to console him? How should wicked men be treated? can wicked men ever be happy?
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philosophy is the medicine
wicked men are more deserving of pity, as sick men are taken to the doctor, they need to be cured, hating evil men makes no sense, regard with sympathy. |
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What is meant by Aristotle's definition of complete happiness? how does a complete life guard against reversals of fortune?
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experience and virtue lead for complete happiness. knowledge from a complete life guards against reversals of fortune, we all go about life differently "for a carpenter and a geometer investigate the right angle in different ways", "we must try to investigate in the natural way", true happiness involves internals and externals.
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what preconditions does A say are needed for virtue? are animals and children capable of any of these preconditions for virtue? How?
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happiness comes as a result of virtue and some process of learning or training, pre-existing conditions of happiness, naturally co-operative and useful, one must be good and capable of of noble acts. This is why animals or children can not have true happiness, complete virtue also needs a complete life
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How does our society make its laws based on A's concept of virtue?
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1
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Ecclesiastes
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vanity of vanities all is vanity chasing after the wind
generation goes generation comes all things are wearisome much wisdom is vexation tried all different things to find happiness, built houses, grew gardens, had gold and silver, and in the end found all was worthless, there was nothing to be gained. the wise have eyes in their head, but fools walk in darkness |
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East: Political Theory and Public policy
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theory instruct us concerning the nature of things and the nature of man, theory is the only avenue to the deepest and fullest level of understanding and it affords the foundation for developing the most mature and enduring public policy.
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