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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_____ the science that evaluates arguments.
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Logic
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An argument is a group of statements where some of the statements, called the _______, are intended to support another, called the _________.
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Premises
Conclusion |
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A ________ is a sentence that is either true or
false. |
Statement
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therefore, accordingly, hence
thus, for this reason, it follows that, consequently, so, as a result. THESE ARE INDICATOR WORDS FOR A _________. |
Conclusion
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since, for the reason that, in that, because, given that, owing to, for, may be inferred from, as. THESE ARE INDICATOR WORDS FOR A ________.
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Premise
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____ is a form of expression meant to alert some-
one to a dangerous/detrimental situation. |
A Warning
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_______ is an expression
about what someone happens to believe or think |
A statement of belief or opinion
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______ is a a group of statements that convey
Information about a situation, topic, or event. |
Report
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_______ is a type of discourse that
begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop—but do not try to prove—the topic sentence. |
Expository Passage
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______ is an expression that attempts to show
what something means or how it is done. |
Illustration
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_____ is an expression that provides a reason for the occurrence of some phenomenon.
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Explanation
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The _____ is the statement that describes the event/phenomenon to be explained.
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Explanadum
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The ____ is the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining.
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Explanans
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The purpose of the explanans is to show _____ something is the case, whereas in an argument,
the purpose of the premises is to prove _____ something is the case. |
Why
That |
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If a passage consists of a single conditional statement, it is not an ______.
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Argument
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In conditional statements, the _____ comes after the "if", and the ______ comes after the "then".
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Antecedent
Consequent |
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"A" is a ______ condition for "B" whenever the occurrence of "A" is all that is needed for the occurrence of "B"
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Sufficient
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On the other hand, "B" is said to be a ______ condition for "A" whenever "A" cannot occur without the occurrence of "B".
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Necessary
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_____ is an argument where the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion.
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Deductive Argument
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______ is an argument where the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it.
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Inductive Argument
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Necessarily, absolutely
certainly, definitely. THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF _____ INDICATOR WORDS. |
Deductive
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Probably, it is reasonable to conclude,
likely, unlikely, improbable, implausible, plausible. THESE ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF _____ INDICATOR WORDS. |
Inductive
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_________ is an argument
in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement. |
Arguments based on mathematics
(Deductive) |
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______ is an argument in which
the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion. |
An argument from definition
(Deductive) |
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_____ is an argument consisting of exactly two premises and one conclusion.
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Syllogism
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_____ is a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words “all” “no” or “some.”
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categorical syllogism
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_______ is a syllogism having a conditional [“if… then”] statement
for one or both of its premises. |
Hypothetical syllogism
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_____ is a syllogism having a disjunctive [“either… or…”] statement.
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Disjunctive syllogism
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_____ is an argument that proceeds from our knowledge about the past to a claim about the future.
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Prediction
(inductive) |
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All syllogisms are _____ argument forms.
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Deductive
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______ is an argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity, between two things or states of affairs.
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An argument from analogy
(inductive) |
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_____ is an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group.
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Generalization
(inductive) |
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_____ is an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is.
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Argument from authority
(inductive) |
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______ is an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes.
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An argument based on signs
(inductive) |
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______ is an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or, conversely, from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause.
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causal inference
(inductive) |
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_____ is an argument in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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Valid Deductive Argument
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______ is an argument in which it is not necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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Invalid Deductive Argument
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_______ is a deductive argument that is both valid and has all true premises.
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Sound Argument
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______ is a deductive argument that is either invalid or has at least one false premise (or both).
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Unsound Argument
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Valid + All True Premises =
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Sound
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_____ is an argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.
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Strong Inductive Argument
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______ is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises (even though it is claimed to).
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Weak Inductive Argument
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______ is an inductive argument that is
both strong and has all true premises. |
Cogent Argument
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______ is an inductive argument that
is either weak or has at least one false premise (or both). |
Uncogent Argument
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Strong + All Premises True =
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Cogent
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Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether a deductive argument is valid because its ____ is not explicit.
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Form
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________ is any argument that is produced by uniformly substituting terms or statements in place of the letters in the argument form.
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Substitution Instance
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A _______ to an argument form is a substitution instance in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false.
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counterexample
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The “counterexample method” for proving argument forms invalid involves two steps:
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1). Isolate the form of the given argument.
2). Construct a substitution instance having true premises and a false conclusion. |
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EXPLICIT inferential claims are usually asserted with:
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Thus
Since Because Hence Therefore So on |
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IMPLICIT inferential claim exist if there is....
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Inferential relationships between statements in the passage but no indicator words.
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The first condition of an argument expresses a ____ _____, and deciding whether it's fulfilled often falls outside the domain of logic.
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Factual Claim
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The second condition an argument expresses is called an _____ ____.
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Inferential Claim
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An _________ is simply the claim that the passage expresses a certain kind of reasoning process.
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Inferential Claim
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A ____ __ ______ is a form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct.
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Piece of Advice
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______ ________ _______ may be about the same general subject, but they lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others.
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Loosely Associated Statements
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All geese are migratory waterfowl.
All migratory waterfowl are birds that fly south for the winter. Therefore, all geese are birds that fly south for the winter. THE FORM OF THIS ARGUMENT IS: |
All A are B.
All B are C. All A are C. (Since this is a valid form, we can substitute anything for terms A, B, and C and get a valid argument.) |
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The following is an ______ argument form:
All A are B. All C are B. All A are C. |
Invalid
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All cats are animals.
All dogs are animals. Therefore, all cats are dogs. THE FORM OF THIS ARGUMENT IS: |
All A are B.
All C are B. All A are C (We can prove this form invalid if we can find a substitution instance having actually true premises and an actually false conclusion.) |
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_____ is the reasoning process expressed by an argument.
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Inference
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______ is the meaning or information content of a sentence.
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Proposition
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_____ ______ is the potential truth or falsity expressed by a statement
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truth value
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