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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Meaning of philosophy |
Love of wisdom |
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Branches of philosophy |
Metaphysics epistemology ethics/morals/politics aesthetics logic |
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Metaphysics |
Reality and it’s ultimate nature |
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Ethics morals politics |
Questions about how we ought to live |
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Aesthetics |
Questions concerning beauty and art |
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Logic |
Distinguishing good and bad reasoning |
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Correspondence theory of truth |
A statement or proposition is true if it corresponds to reality. It is false otherwise |
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Elenchus |
Form of cross examination |
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Two central Socratic questions |
What do you mean by that? What evidence do you have for your claim |
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Logically inconsistent |
If two statements cannot be true at the same time |
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Logically consistent |
If possible both are true |
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Premise |
Reasons to believe the conclusion is true |
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Conclusion |
The last statement |
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Platonic theory of soul |
Reason must rule the passions and appetites like a chariot driver controls the wild horses pulling the chariot |
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Examined lofe |
Someone who can ask are my assumptions really true? Do the values I live by truly reflect morality? Honest self examination |
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Socratic wisdom |
I know that I know nothing. Recognizing the limits of ones knowledge |
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Ambiguity |
Can be interpreted in two or more ways |
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Vague |
Not sure whether the word applies or does not apply |
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Extensional |
Assign meaning to a word by giving examples of what the word denotes or applies to |
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Ostensive |
Explaining a word by pointing to an example |
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Enumerative |
Listing or enumerating members of a words extension. Ie comedians |
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Operational |
Explain the meaning of words by specifying a step by step operation or test that determines whether the word applies in any given case |
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Paradigm case |
Explain the meaning of a word by citing one or more clear and easily recognizable examples. |
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Intensional |
Gives meaning of a word by stating the characteristics or properties the object in a terms extension have in common |
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Lexical |
Commonly used meaning of a word or phrase. Chair-typically having four legs and a back for one person |
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Stipulative |
Introduces a new meaning for a word or phrase |
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Precising |
Makes the meaning for a vague word more precise as to cut down borderline cases |
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Theoretical |
Explains meaning by providing a theory of the nature of something |
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Persuasive |
Uses emotional wording and appeals to the emotions in order to influence people’s attitudes toward something |
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Synonymous |
Explains meaning of a word by providing a synonym for the word |
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Analytic |
Break something down into its parts |
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Extensional |
Ostensive enumerative operational paradigm |
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Intensional |
Lexical stipulative precising theoretical persuasive synonymous analytic |
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Conclusion indicator |
Word or phrase that flag the conclusion Therefore hence so ergo in conclusion |
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Premise indicators |
Word or phrase that indicates the presence of a premise. Because for one thing since as shown by given that due to the fact that |
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Deductive argument |
Conclusion must be true if all the premises all are true. Valid/invalid |
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Inductive argument |
Shows conclusion is probably true or likely true strong/weak |
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Principle of charity |
Treat opposing viewpoints with respect |
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Principle of faithfulness |
Present the opposing viewpoint accurately |
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Formal fallacies |
Affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent |
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Affirming the consequent |
If p then q Q Therefore p must be true |
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Denying the antecedent |
If p then q It is not the case that p Therefore necessarily it is not the case that q |
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Ad hominem |
Against the person. Circumstantial tu quo que guilt by association |
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Circumstantial |
Bad circumstances |
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Tu quo que |
You too or you’re another. Hypocrisy. Look who’s talking |
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Guilt by association |
Attacking because of persons associates |
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Appeal to the people |
Attempts to use the irrational emotions generated by a crowd rather than reason |
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Appeal to emotion |
Attempts to evoke the emotion of pity from the audience and the use that pity alone rather than reason and evidence |
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Irrelevant conclusion |
Someone puts forward premises in support of a states conclusion under discussion but the premises actually support a diff conl |
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Begging the question |
Arguing in a way that employs the conclusion the person is trying to support as a premise in support of itself. God exists Why believe that Because god exists |
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Red herring |
Occurs when an arguer diverts attention from the point at hand by introducing an irrelevant issue into the discussion. Throwing the argument off track |
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Genetic fallacy |
Committed when someone attacks a viewpoint by disparaging the views origins rather than by examining and responding to the argument offered |
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Appeal to ignorance |
Someone argues that a proposition is true simply on the grounds that it has not been shown to be false |
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Straw man |
Committed when the summary of an argument is not a fair representation but instead is a weakened exaggerated or distorted version |
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Appeal to authority |
Occurs when we base a conclusion on the testimony of an alleged expert but the authority is either not a credible expert is not trustworthy or is biased |
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Hasty generalization |
Jumped to a conclusion too quick |
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False cause |
A causes b simply because a happened before b A is the cause of b when In fact a is not the cause of b but the mistake is not based merely on the fact that b comes after a |
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Slippery slope |
Objects to a position on the grounds that it will set off a chain reaction leading to a bad result |
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False dilemma |
Someone assumes that only two alternatives exist with respect to some matter, rules out one of the two, and the concludes in favor of the other alt |
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Suppressed evidence |
When arguer leaves out evidence that would count heavily against the conclusion |
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Special pleading |
Applies a principle to someone else’s case but makes an unjustified special exception for his or her own case |
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Equivocation |
Occurs when an arguer uses a particular word or phrase with one meaning at one place in An argument and then uses the same word with another meaning later in the argument |
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Composition |
Someone assumes without justification that what is true of the parts must be also true of the whole |
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Division |
What is true of the whole must be true of the parts |
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Weasel words |
Word whose meaning has been so watered down that it can mean almost anything |
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Euphemism |
A positive expression substituted for one whose connotations are not as positive |
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Dysphemism |
A negative expression substituted for one whose connotations are positive or neutral |
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Emotive words |
Expressions that conjure up positive or negative feelings. |
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Innuendo |
An expression that gets an idea across without saying it explicitly |