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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primate Adaptations (3)
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• Arboreal Hypothesis
• Visual Predation Hypothesis • Angiosperm Radiation |
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Arboreal Hypothesis
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Stereoscopic vision and grasping hands are adaptations to life in the trees
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Visual Predation Hypothesis
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Stereoscopic vision and grasping hands are adaptations for catching small insects and moving prey
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Angiosperm Radiation
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Stereoscopic vision and grasping hands are adaptations for feeding on small fruits, seeds, and berries
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Life History Traits
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Primates are on a much slower trajectory (even in smallest primates)
Expansion of neocortex- much larger than other mammals (primates have larger brains) Single offspring |
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Reasons for Single Offspring
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Larger parental investment
Longer juvenile period |
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Lemuroidea (Lemurs)
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Only native in Madagascar
o Cheirogalidae (dwarf lemurs) o Lemuridae (true lemurs) o Indriiae (sifakos and indri) o Doubentoniidae (aye-eye) |
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Lorisoidea (Lorises and Galagos)
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Native to tropical Africa, India
o Lorisdae (Lorises) o Galagonidae (galagos aka “bush babies”) o Nocturnal and solitary |
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Superfamily Toarsioidea (Tarsiers)
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o Found in Indonesia and the Philippines
o An “in between speices” o Both primitive and derived traits • Nocturnal • Highly carnivorous (insects, snakes, lizards) |
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Platyrhine Characteristics
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• Small body size
• Three premolars (2-1-3-3) dental formula • Ectotympanic ring • Arboreal • Prehensile tails (precision grip) |
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Jane Goodall
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• Later Studies
o 1960- o More focused on social structure and ecology |
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Behavior Ecology
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Relationship between behavior and natural environment
Biological systems have evolved together Certain behaviors increase reproductive fitness |
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Social Structure
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o Composition, size and sex ratio of a group of animals
o Varies depending on environmental factors • Result of natural selection • Influences social relationships and interaction |
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Body Size and Diet
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o Body size influences diet
o Type of diet influences behavior • Insectivores • Frugivores • Folivores • Omnivores • Gumivores |
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Distribution of Resources
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Amount of food resources available
Seasonal availability Patchy vs. plentiful Availability of water |
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Predation
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o Vulnerability to predation
o Number of predators *both may determine group size |
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Dispersal
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o Do males or females leave their natal group?
o Female philopatry- males leave the group • Tight bonds, female hierarchies o Male philopatry- females leave the group |
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Life History Traits
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o Gestation
o Age at weaning o Age at sexual maturity o Life expectancy |
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Sleeping Sites
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o Distribution of sleeping sites
• Spacing • Capacity o Types of sleeping sites • Trees • Cliffs |
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Activity patterns
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o Diurnal
o Nocturnal |
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Human Activities
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o Habitat destruction
• Reduced resource availability • Reduced ranges o Hunting poaching |
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Sympatric Species
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o Sympatric
• Two or more species living in the same area, whose habitats overlap o Differential habitat use • Largely due to differences in body size diet and social structure • Result: reduced resource competition • Predator avoidance |
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Solitary Social Structure
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*Ancestral trait
Females and males occupy different, but overlapping territories Benefits: Males provide essential services for the females (e.g. Territorial and food defense, protecting offspring) Females tolerate males in territory Reduced feeding competition |
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One male Polygynous Group
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o 1 resident male with many females
• Female hierarchies within the group • Other males form “bachelor” male groups • Attempt to access females during breeding season Benefit: Potentially increase a male’s reproductive fitness Downside: Must constantly fend off intruding males • Infanticide |
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Multimale Polygynous Groups
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o Many males and many females
Social dominance hierarchies Dominant males have priority access to fertile females Lower ranking males still mate Benefit: Don’t have to fend off individual males |
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Fission-Fusion Polygyny
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o Most complex social system
• No large cohesive groups • Instead—temporary associations, for foraging Benefits: • Reduced food competition in patchy forests |
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Polyandry
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o One female and multiple males
• Rare in nonhuman primates • Tamarins and Marmosets Benefits: • Males can assist with caring • Anti-predator defense (i.e. tamarins and marmosets are small in size and produce twins) |
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Reproductive Strategies
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• Behavioral patterns that contribute to the individual reproductive success
o K-selected vs. R-selected • K-Selected= few young with a lot of parental investment (typically female) • R-Selected= many young little or no parental investment (typically male) o Sexual selection o Infanticide |
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Primate Social Behavior
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o Dominance
o Communication o Aggressive interactions o Affiliative interactions |
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Dominance
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Heirarchical social organization
Influenced by a number of factors: • Higher ranking individuals • Greater access to food and mates • Potential for increased reproductive fitness • Low ranking individuals mate frequently • Developed strategies for increasing mating opportunities • Rank can change (e.g. death) |
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Communication
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Conveys meaning to other individuals
-Autonomic (hair on back) -Intentional Primates communicate in many ways • Gestures • Facial expressions • Displays • Vocalizations |
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Aggressive Behaviors
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o Usually within the context of dominance hierarchy
• Intragroup aggression • Displacement |
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Affilitive Interactions
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o Grooming
• Allogrooming (grooming of others) o Physical contact (hand holding) |
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Mothers, Father and Infants
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o Mothers and Infants
• Basic social unit • Infants learn social and maternal behaviors • Alloparenting (other females caring for young; learning maternal instincts) |
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Primate Cultural Behavior
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o Cultural behavior is learned (nut cracking; termite fishing; washing sweet potatoes; rice in water)
• Passed on to others in the group • Varies regionally |
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Encephalization Quotient
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o Encephalization: increases in brain size beyond what is expected
o EQ= ratio of brain size to expected brain size relative to body size • *EQ>1.0= A larger than expected brain size |
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Additional brain differences in humans
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• New behaviors may have lead to the evolution of new functional fields of the brain
Selection= enhancement of functional areas Examples of reorganization • Reduced and Shifted Olefactory bulbs • Primary visual region (visual cortex) • Expansion of the parietal association cortex o Processing synthesizing sensory information o Result- complex behaviors |
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Aspects of language (4)
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Spoken and Acquired
Symantic Phoenic Grammatical |
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Symantic
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• Words have meaning, and represented real world objects, events or actions
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Phoemic
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• Words are formed from small sound elements (phonems)
• No intrinsic association between a word and the concept or object it represents • Flower |
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Supralaryngeal Airway
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o Position of larynx allows for expanded pharynx
o A shortened rounded tongue o More efficient way of modifying air= ability to generate a greater variety of sounds o Leads to a greater risk of choking |
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Washoe
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• American sign language
• Taught Louilis |
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Sara
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• Plastics chips for symbols
o Associated concepts and objects with chips |
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Sherman and Austin
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• Learned how to use symbols to communicate
• Communicated with each other using symbols • Categorize, plan and pretend and play using symbols • Assigned unfamiliar items to the appropriate category o Used symbols referentially Argument against: But these chimps were taught the symbols • Human children can acquire language through exposure |
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Koko
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• Learned American sign language
o 500 sings o Can paint/use internet |
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Kanzi
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• Was not originally in the language studies
o Accompanied his mother to the sessions • Acquired the symbol language by simply watching his mother use the lexigram • His younger sibling acquired the symbols in the same way • Kanzi has also learned how to make stone tools |
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Criteria for Cultural Behavior
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o Innovation
o Dissemination o Standardization o Durability o Diffusion o Tradition o Non-subsistence o Naturalness |
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Japanese Macaques
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Imo- a female in the group, started washing her potatoes in a stream
Others started doing this, some started using the ocean Significance: • Dietary habits and food preferences are learned among groups • An innovative solution to a problem • Spread through the group |
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Termite fishing
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• Chimps modify twigs and leaves
• Even before a mount is in sight • Insert the twig into a termite mound • Twigs are covered with termites • Juveniles watch and learn how to “fish” Significance • Forethought and planning • Modification of natural objects |
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Orangutan fishing
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• Orangutan sanctuary in Borneo
• Orangutans frequently watch local fisherman • Used the fisherman’s pole to attempt to catch fish and stab floating fruit • Another male in the group also used a fisherman’s pole to stab fish caught in fisherman’s lines o Significance • Shows learning behavior and innovation |
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Primate Cultural Behavior:
Capuchins |
• South America
• Use leaves to extract water from cavities in trees • Use twigs to probe into trees Use stones to: • Smash foods • Crack palm nuts • Break open hallow tree branches and logs • Dig for tubers Significance: Demonstrates cultural behaviors similar to chimpanzees |
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Altruism
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A behavior that benefits another while involving some risk to the performer
• Majority of acts are mothers protecting infants • There are cases where altruistic acts occur between non-relatives • More likely to occur if the recipient and performer share genes (even if the performer dies, that individuals genes will get passed on, and he will have increased fitness) |