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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nyriagongo - Cause |
Plates diverged (moved apart)and caused magma to be forced into cracks. |
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Nyriagongo - Primary Effects |
*Fast flow of lava (Pyroclastic flow), blocked airport runway of Goma and went into town of Goma and destroyed 15% of all buildings (4,500 homes and businesses). *Pyroclastic flow was around 200-1000m wide and several meters deep. *45 killed from explosion from fuel stations and power plants whilst, trying to steal fuel. *147 people killed in total. |
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Nyriagongo - Secondary Effects |
*500,000 fled to Rwana (no aid available) *Goma was raided of all valuables. *Diseases like Cholera spread in refugee camps. *Health problems caused by chemicals, such as breathing and eye irritations. |
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Nyriagongo - Primary Response |
*300,000 evacuated to Rwanda *Oxfam and Christian Aid provided food, water and blankets. *UN set up aid after 2 days including 200 tents, 400,000 measle vaccinations and 200 million tonnes of non-food items. |
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Nyriagongo - Secondary Response |
World organization of volcanoesnow operates the Goma Observatory and this monitors seismic activity (ground). |
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Name of a Supervocano |
Yellowstone |
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General Facts about Yellowstone |
In national park in USA. Has a collapsed magma chamber called Caldera and the chamber is expected to be around 80 km long, 40 km wide and 8 kn deep. |
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Possible effects if Yellowstone errupted |
1,000 km3 of material released Destruction of 10,000 km2 of land Kill 87,000 people 15 cm layer of ash around 1000 km radius of it UK would get ash around 5 days later. |
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What is the epicentre of an Earthquake? |
The point on the Earth's surface which is directly above the earthquake. |
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What is the focus of an earthquake? |
The location where the earthquake begins. |
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Richter vs. Mercalli scale? |
Mercalli - Effects of the Earthquake (can depend on the location of the earthquake) e.g. 1 =not felt and 12 = total destruction Richter - Energy released by the earthquake. Has a logarithmic scale (doesn't increase in standard quantities). 2-10. A richter 3 is 10x more powerful than richter 2 earthquake. |
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Tsunami Case Study? |
Boxing Day Tsunami (26th December 2004) |
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Boxing Day Tsunami - Cause |
It was caused by a destructive plate boundary when the Indo-Australian plate subducted under the Eruasian plate and so caused an earthquake which caused motion throughout the depth of the ocean, thus causing a tsunami. |
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Boxing Day Tsunami - Effects |
*220,000 killed. *650,000 people injured. *2 million people left homeless. |
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Boxing Day Tsunami - Primary Response |
*Rescue services failed to act quickly due to the scale of the Tsunami. *International scientists arrived. *Uk government promised to give £75 million and £100 million from the public. |
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Boxing Day Tsunami - Secondary Response |
*Only £128 million had been spent on the reconstruction after the disaster due to the poor management of money due to the large amounts which were donated. *In the 2nd year after the disaster, 20,000 homes were rebuilt costing £190 million. *New ocean Tsunami System was built in June 2006. |
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Area which suffers from rapid erosion of coastline? |
Mapleton, Holderness Coastline, North England |
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What are the causes of the rapid erosion on the Holderness coastline? |
*Destructive waves mainly *Rising water levels *Shallow Beaches *Most of the coastline is made up of very weak boulder clay. |
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Examples of coastal management on the Holderness coastline? |
*New sea wall built in Easington *Groynes have been installed *Planned retreats and walls built *Off shore breakwaters have been constructed. |
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Soft-Engineering Solutions for Coastal Management |
*Beach Management *Managed Retreat |
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Hard-engineering solutions for Coastal Managment |
*Sea Wall *Groynes *Rock Armor |
