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307 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The stage of the manufacturing process in which the halide crystals are allowed to grow is the:
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Ripening stage
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Who introduced polyester film in the early 1960’s?
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Dupont
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Describe the Gurney-Mott theory.
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When the silver halide crystal interacts with light photon, it reacts by releasing free roaming electrons. These electrons travels to the sensitivity specks and attract silver ions which become silver atoms. These silver atoms then become part of a gate which can allow the processing chemicals to enter the crystal.
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Which component limits oxidation of crystals during their formation?
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Gelatin
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Which equation represents the process for halide crystal production?
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Silver nitrate + potassium bromide = silver bromide + potassium nitrate
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The type of film that is sensitive to all light except light in the red spectrum is:
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Orthochromatic
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The stage of the manufacturing process in which colored dyes are added to match the wavelengths of light photons is the:
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The mixing stage
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The type of filming process that is almost free of any distortion because it doesn’t use divergent light is:
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Laser
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The impurity added during the crystal formation stage which creates the sensitivity specks on the crystals is:
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Gold-silver sulfide
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What is duplitized film?
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Double emulsion film
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When film is pre-exposed to the point that any further exposure will reverse the latent image process, this process is known as:
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Solarization
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What are the primary reducing agents of the developer?
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Phenidone and hydroquinone
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What happens during oxidation?
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A reducing agent gives up an electron
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What component of the developer controls swelling of the gelatin?
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The hardener (glutaraldehyde)
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What will cause a film to have a milky appearance?
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If the clearing agent in the fixer is deplenished
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What would cause silver staining or yellowing of emulsion on film after a few years?
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Insufficient wash time
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If, after a few years, your films are turning yellow in color, it is probably because:
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The fixer was not completely removed during the wash cycle.
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Developer is a/an _______ solution.
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Alkaline
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If your films come out of the dryer moist and tacky and the dryer temperature appears adequate, the reason is probably because:
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There is insufficient hardener in the fixer or the developer.
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If your films are coming out of the processor with scratches in the emulsion, the problem can probably be linked to:
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Inadequate glutaraldehyde in the developer.
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Superadditivity is:
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When two compounds work better together than they do separately.
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What does the restrainer in the developer do?
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Protects the unexposed halide crystals from being reduced.
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The type of silver recovery unit that should be used in a high-volume hospital or clinic is:
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Electrolytic
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The agent found in fixer that is used to remove the unexposed halide crystals from the image is:
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The clearing agent
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If, after a few years, silver stains or dark areas appear on your radiographs, the problem can probably be linked to:
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The activator in the fixer did not completely stop the developing process.
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Which solutions can be affected by even the smallest amount of temperature change?
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The developer
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When a reducing agent is oxidized, this means that:
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It has given up electrons
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Which agent is used to help decrease the oxidation of the reducing agents when they are combined with air?
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The preservative
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Which solution can be affected by even the smallest amount of contamination?
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Developer (by as little as 1% change)
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The devices within the image intensifier that control the image size sent to the output phosphor are called:
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Electrostatic lenses
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True or false. The image intensifier of a fluoroscopic imaging unit is actually a cathode tube.
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True
|
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The type of distortion caused by insufficient photon penetration during a fluoro procedure is known as:
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Quantum mottle
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Pin cushion distortion is also known as:
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Vignetting
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To help reduce shape distortion, the input screen of the intensifier is ____in shape.
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Concave
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Total brightness gain is a combination of:
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Minification gain & flux gain
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Changing from standard to magnification mode on an image intensifier _____ patient dose.
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Increases
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The opaque filter that sits beneath the output phosphor is there to:
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To prevent light from the output phosphor from traveling back to the photocathode.
|
|
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Vignetting is caused by:
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Electrostatic repulsion of the electrons traveling from cathode to anode.
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The stage of the film manufacturing process in which the halide crystals are allowed to grow is the:
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The ripening stage
|
|
|
In order for a silver-halide crystal to become part of the final image:
|
It must form gates at the sensitivity specks to allow the reducers to enter and convert silver ions to silver atoms.
|
|
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True or false. If patient size and technical factors are unchanged, fluoroscopic contrast is controlled by changes in the video signal from the intensifier to the monitor.
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True
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True or false. Radiographic contrast is usually a result of the film and not the intensification screens.
|
True
|
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What is the Gurney Mott Theory?
|
The Gurney-Mott theory states that after exposure to light, a silver bromine crystal will release electrons within the crystal. These electrons then travel to the sensitivity specks where they attract silver ions and convert them to silver atoms. If 3 or more silver atoms are located at a sensitivity speck, a gate is formed that is large enough to allow the reducing agents to enter the crystal and continue converting silver ions to silver atoms, thus creating a dark spot on a radiograph.
|
|
|
The type of silver recovery unit that should be used in a high-volume hospital or clinic is:
|
Electrolytic
|
|
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If your films are coming out of the processor with scratches in the emulsion, the problem can probably be linked to:
|
Inadequate glutaraldehyde in the developer.
|
|
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Fixer is a/an _______ solution.
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acidic
|
|
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The restrainer in the developer:
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Protects the unexposed halide crystals from being reduced
|
|
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The interaction that is responsible for producing most of the light when x-ray photons interact with rare earth phosphors is:
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Photoelectric
|
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Brightness gain in an image intensifier deteriorates at a rate of about _____ per year.
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10%
|
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Which of the following agents is used to help decrease the oxidation of the reducing agents when they are combined with air?
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Preservative
|
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Afterglow emitted by a screen can be a problem when screens are:
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Old and their phosphors decrease in activity.
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When using a c-arm, moving the image intensifier away from the patient.
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Increases magnification
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True or false. Only the anode half of the beam is utilized in mammography.
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True
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Penumbra is reduced when using magnification techniques because:
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Small focal spot
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True or false. As in conventional radiography, the anode heel effect in mammography is a disadvantage.
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False
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Magnification on a mammography machine is achieved by:
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Decreasing SOD, increasing SID
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The automatic exposure control detector on a mammography unit is different from conventional radiography in that:
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It can move away from the chest wall towards the nipple.
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All mammography x-ray tubes will use a port made of ________.
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Beryllium
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What is the atomic number for Rhodium?
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45
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Mammography machines typically use KVP settings of ________ in clinical practice.
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25 to 38 KVP
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Compared to conventional radiography, mammography film has the:
|
Highest contrast and highest resolution
|
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Reciprocity failure can happen when:
|
Long exposure times are used.
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The filtration on a x-ray tube with a rhodium anode will be:
|
.025 mm rhodium
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The filtration on an x-ray tube with a molybdenum anode will be:
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.03 mm molybdenum
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If patients are complaining about the amount of time that they have to wait before getting their exam, this is a problem that concerns:
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Quality assurance
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Testing an AEC system for reproduceability involves making exposures with a subject phantom and measuring the results with a:
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Densitometer
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Kilovoltage accuracy must be within ____of the labeled setting.
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+-5%
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The three readings monitored by doing sensitometry testing on an automatic processor are:
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Base fog, contrast and speed
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A pinhole camera is used to test:
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Focal spot size
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Tube angle indicators must be accurate within _____:
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+-1%
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Exposure reproduceability measurements are done by measuring sequential exposures made with the same mAs and measured with a dosimeter. The differences between these exposures cannot exceed ____.
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-+5%
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Timer variance allowance is _____.
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+-5%
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The only test that requires the physicist to open the generator to get an accurate measurement, is for the ____.
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mA
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The testing done to evaluate the added filtration of the beam is the ____:
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Half value layer
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Breast cancer is the leading killer among women of what age group?
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15-54
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Which cancer kills the most women overall?
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Lung cancer.
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The federal law that requires all mammography facilities to comply with the Mammography Quality Standards Act, went into affect in:
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1994
|
|
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What is the generator range for kVp in mammo?
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22-40 but common practice use is 25-38
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What is the atomic number for Molybdenum? What is it used for?
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42, anode and filter
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How is the anode heel effect used in mammo?
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The cathode is placed over the chest wall so that the stronger beam is penetrating the thicker tissue
|
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How is mammo film different from conventional film?
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It is high contrast & high resolution. Single emulsion & slow in speed so it has low image noise.
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What is the process for doing a magnification study in mammo?
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A raised platform is placed on the cassette holder unit and the breast is placed on top of the platform w/o a grid. Mag increases resolution, reduces scatter and improves detail.
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What is the magnification factor for mammo?
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SID/SOD= MF
Standardized 1.5-1.8x |
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What is the max backup mAs for mammo?
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With a grid: 600 mAs
Without a grid: 300 mAs |
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How is penumbra reduced when performing a mag study in mammo?
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Small focal spot
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What is the atomic number for Beryllium and what is it used for?
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4, port/window
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What two parts of the mammo tube will always use the same material/element?
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Anode & filter
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What is changed when imaging breast implants?
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Manual exposure technique
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What is the minimun SOD when using fluoro?
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15 inches/38 cm
Mobile: 12 in/30 cm |
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What is the max ESE for fluoro?
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10 R/min
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How does magnification work with fluoro?
|
I.I. tubes can mag the image electronically by changing the voltage on the electrostatic lenses. Increased voltage focuses the electrons at a point closer to the input screen casuing magnification when it reaches the output screen. Capable of 1.5-4x mag
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How do you compute the MF for fluoro?
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Original input screen diamenter/input screen diameter during mag
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What is the mA range in fluoro?
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.5-5
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What are the types of fluoro distortion?
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Size, Sheet, and quantum mottle
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Does magnification in fluoro effect size distortion?
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No, because the distortion is still there when not in mag mode but is not as easy to visualize.
|
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What is sheet distortion?
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Vignetting or pincushion; image intensity is greater at center of image
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Explain total brightness gain.
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A measurement of the increase in image intensity achieved by an image intensification tube. It is determined by minification gain and flux gain.
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What is minification gain?
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Occurs as a result of the same number of electrons that were produced at the large input screen being compressed into the area of the small output screen. It is calculated as the ratio between the area of the input and output screens
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What is flux gain?
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A measurement of the increase in light photons due to the conversion efficiency of the output screen.
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What is the collimation allowance for the light field matching the IR?
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w/in 2%
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What is the allowance for the CR matching the IR?
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w/in 1%
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Describe how the beam hits the intensification tube.
|
After the primary beam exits the patient, it strikes the input screen of the intensifier which is a vacuum tube with a cathode and anode.
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What 3 things do you test for on a sensitometer strip when doing processor quality control?
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Speed, contrast, and base fog
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What are the stages for film manufacturing?
|
Crystal production, ripening, mixing, and coating
|
|
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What is the chemical process for making silver halide crystals?
|
Silver nitrate + potassium bromide=Silver bromide + potassium nitrate
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|
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Describe the solarization process.
|
Produces prints by exposure to sunlight. If an ordinary silver halide emulsion is exposed long enough it will reach the reversal phase and actually lose density. The film is pre-exposed to light so there is an overall black image on the duplicating film. By exposing the film to UV light the silver atoms release an electron and become an ion again
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How do you prevent oxidation of silver halide crystals during their formation?
|
suspend in gelatin
|
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Radiographic contrast is primarily impacted by :
|
Contrast of film, although rare earth phosphors of intensifying screens often have slightly higher contrast as well.
|
|
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What are daily quality control tests?
|
dark room fog test (safe light test)
Processor sensitometry to monitor speed, contrast and base fog Monitor testing |
|
|
What are annual or semi-annual quality control tests?
|
Focal spot size estimation
Half Value Layer to detect quality of filtration Collimator, CR and bucky accuracy Distance and centering indicators Angle accuracy kVp accuracy Timer accuracy mAs and mA linearity Exposure reproduceability |
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What is crossover effect?
|
light from one intensifying screen crossing over to the other
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|
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What is halation?
|
light being reflected from the air interface on the back of the base material (anti-halation layer applied to single emulsion film)
|
|
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How do you store film?
|
on end
|
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What is oxidation?
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When a reducing agent gives up an electron
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|
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What is reduction?
|
When a silver ion takes an electron and becomes a silver atom neutralizing the positive silver ion and changing it to black metallic silver
|
|
|
What is the life of an intensifying screen?
|
5-7 years
|
|
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What is different about the intensifying screens that should be used in pediatrics?
|
Higher speed to reduce patient dose and exposure time
|
|
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How do you compute the difference in technique when changing screen speeds?
|
mAs 1/mAs 2 = RS2/RS1
1 = old 2 = new |
|
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What should you do differently on a repeat exam if your image has quantum mottle?
|
increase mA
|
|
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Explain bias focusing in mammo.
|
When the small focal spot is engaged a negative voltage is applied to the focusing cup, which acts to reduce the size of the electron stream creating the small focal spot. Due to loss of detail at the chest wall, the cahtode side/larger focal spot is eliminated
|
|
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What are lead aprons made of?
|
.25 mm lead/equivalent
|
|
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Describe mammo generators.
|
High frequency, do not require an autotransformer, line compensation circuit or space charge compensation circuit. Operates on single phase incoming power.
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The source to object (SOD) distance for a stationary fluoroscopic tube is to be no closer than _____ from the patient.
|
38 cm
|
|
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The source to object distance for a tube on a mobile fluoroscopic unit is to be no closer than _____ to the patient.
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30 cm
|
|
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With fluoroscopy, the ESE or entrance skin exposure from a fluoroscopic tube can be no greater than:
|
10 R/min
|
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If a fluoroscopic intensification tube has an input screen of 12 inches in diameter and a magnification setting is using only 6 in. diameter of that input screen, the magnification factor for this setting is ___ MF.
|
2
|
|
|
Non-digital fluoroscopic x-ray tubes typically operate in the range of:
|
.5-5 mA
|
|
|
True or false. The image intensifier of a fluoroscopic imaging unit is actually a cathode tube.
|
True
|
|
|
The type of distortion caused by insufficient photon penetration during a fluoro procedure is known as:
|
quantum mottle
|
|
|
Pin cushion distortion is also known as:
|
vignetting
|
|
|
To help reduce shape distortion, the input screen of the intensifier is ____in shape.
|
concave
|
|
|
Total brightness gain is a combination of:
|
minification gain and flux gain
|
|
|
Changing from standard to magnification mode on an image intensifier:
|
increases patient dose
|
|
|
The opaque filter that sits beneath the output phosphor is there to:
|
To prevent light from the output phosphor from traveling back to the photocathode.
|
|
|
How is vignetting created?
|
Electrostatic repulsion of the electrons traveling from cathode to anode.
|
|
|
The stage of the film manufacturing process in which the halide crystals are allowed to grow is the:
|
ripening stage
|
|
|
The stage of the manufacturing process in which colored dyes are added to match the wavelengths of light photons is the:
|
mixing stage
|
|
|
The type of film that is sensitive to all light except light in the red spectrum is:
|
orthochromatic
|
|
|
The type of film that is sensitive to all light is:
|
panchromatic
|
|
|
True or false. Duplitized film is double emulsion.
|
True
|
|
|
The impurity added during the crystal formation stage which creates the sensitivity specks on the crystals is:
|
gold silver sulfide
|
|
|
What is the equation for producing silver halide crystals?
|
silver nitrate + potassium bromide = silver bromide + potassium nitrate
|
|
|
When film is pre-exposed to the point that any further exposure will reverse the latent image process, this process is known as:
|
solarization
|
|
|
What is required in order for a silver-halide crystal to become part of the final image?
|
It must form gates at the sensitivity specks to allow the reducers to enter and convert silver ions to silver atoms.
|
|
|
True or false. If patient size and technical factors are unchanged, fluoroscopic contrast is controlled by changes in the video signal from the intensifier to the monitor.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false.Radiographic contrast is usually a result of the film and not the intensification screens.
|
True
|
|
|
Halation is a distortion found in which type of film?
|
single emulsion
|
|
|
Crossover effect is a distortion that occurs when:
|
The light from one intensifying screen affects the emulsion on the opposite side of the film.
|
|
|
True or false. The Gurney-Mott theory states that after exposure to light, a silver bromine crystal will release electrons within the crystal. These electrons then travel to the sensitivity specks where they attract silver ions and convert them to silver atoms. If 3 or more silver atoms are located at a sensitivity speck, a gate is formed that is large enough to allow the reducing agents to enter the crystal and continue converting silver ions to silver atoms, thus creating a dark spot on a radiograph.
|
True
|
|
|
If, after a few years, your films are turning yellow in color, it is probably because:
|
The fixer was not removed during the wash cycle
|
|
|
If your films come out of the processor with a milky appearance, it is probably because:
|
Not all of the unexposed halide crystals were removed during processing.
|
|
|
If your films come out of the dryer moist and tacky and the dryer temperature appears adequate, the reason is probably because:
|
There is insufficient hardener in the developer or the fixer
|
|
|
Which solution can be affected by even the smallest amount of contamination?
|
developer
|
|
|
Which solution can be affected by even the smallest amount of temperature change?
|
Developer
|
|
|
The type of silver recovery unit that should be used in a high-volume hospital or clinic is:
|
Electrolytic
|
|
|
If your films are coming out of the processor with scratches in the emulsion, the problem can probably be linked to:
|
Inadequate glutaraldehyde in the developer.
|
|
|
Fixer is a(n) ____________ type of solution.
|
Acid
|
|
|
When a reducing agent is oxidized, this means that:
|
it has given up electrons
|
|
|
If, after a few years, silver stains or dark areas appear on your radiographs, the problem can probably be linked to:
|
The activator in the fixer did not completely stop the developing process.
|
|
|
What does the restrainer in the developer do?
|
Protects the unexposed halide crystals from being reduced.
|
|
|
The interaction that is responsible for producing most of the light when x-ray photons interact with rare earth phosphors is:
|
photoelectric
|
|
|
Brightness gain in an image intensifier deteriorates at a rate of about _____ per year.
|
10
|
|
|
The life of an intensifying screen is about:
|
5-7 Years
|
|
|
A known technique with an extremity cassette of 100 RS is 70 kVp at 25 mAs. If you replaced this cassette with a 500-speed cassette, your new mAs would be:
|
5 mAs
|
|
|
A known technique of 55 kVp @ 4 mAs with a 400 RS cassette is used for hand radiography. What would the technique be if the cassette were a 200-speed detail cassette?
|
8 maS
|
|
|
When using a c-arm, moving the image intensifier away from the patient does what?
|
Increases magnification
|
|
|
When would density control need to be altered?
|
when an image is produced that is slightly too dark or light and a decrease or increase in density is desired even though the patient and ionization chambers are properly positioned
|
|
|
The backup time should be set at _____% of the anticipated manual exposure time
|
150%
|
|
|
US public law requires that generators automatically terminate AEC exposures at :
|
600 mAs or 60 kW seconds (KVP x mA x time) above 50 KVP, and 2000 mAs or 200 kW below 50 KVP
|
|
|
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women between what ages?
|
15 to 54
|
|
|
If a fluoroscopic intensification tube has an input screen of 9 inches in diameter and a magnification setting is using only 6 in. diameter of that input screen, the magnification factor for this setting is ___ MF.
|
1.5
|
|
|
True or false. The greater the exposure to radiographic film, the more halide crystals are converted to dark silver atoms during processing.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. The greater the exposure to radiographic film, the more halide crystals are converted to dark silver atoms during processing.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. If a small amount of developer is spilled into the fixer tank in the processor, the fixer will be rendered useless by the contamination.
|
False (only the developer)
|
|
|
True or false. In radiography, the only quality control testing that is done daily is processor quality control.
|
True
|
|
|
The federal law that requires all mammography facilities to comply with the Mammography Quality Standards Act, went into affect in:
|
1994
|
|
|
True or false. The active ingredient in fixer that halts the developing process is acteic acid
|
True
|
|
|
In order for a silver-halide crystal to become part of the final image:
|
It must form gates at the sensitivity specks to allow the reducers to convert silver ions to silver atoms.
|
|
|
The back-up timer for non-grid techniques on a mammography unit must not exceed:
|
300 mAs
|
|
|
A known technique with an extremity cassette of 100 RS is 70 kVp at 5 mAs. If you replaced this cassette with a 500-speed cassette, your new mAs would be:
|
1 mAs
|
|
|
If you subtract the OID from the SID, the result is:
|
SOD
|
|
|
Mammography machines typically use KVP settings of ________ in clinical practice.
|
25-38
|
|
|
Which of the following equations represents the process for halide crystal production?
|
Silver nitrate + potassium bromide = silver bromide + potassium nitrate
|
|
|
The archiving steps in film processesing are:
|
washing and drying
|
|
|
The source to object (SOD) distance for a stationary fluoroscopic tube is to be no closer than _____ from the patient.
|
38 cm
|
|
|
When annual quality control testing is done on the external beam of any x-ray unit, the maximum difference between the actual kVp and the indicated kVp on the control panel cannot be more than:
|
+ or - 5%
|
|
|
Total brightness gain is a combination of:
|
flux gain and minification gain
|
|
|
Changing from standard to magnification mode on an image intensifier will _________ the patient's exposure.
|
Increase
|
|
|
Which of the organizations that are involved with monitoring quality control can halt Medicare payments to a hospital if that hospital does not meet quality standards?
|
JCAHO
|
|
|
A technique of 55 kVp @ 8 mAs using a 100 speed film produces an optimal radiograph of the wrist. If you were to do this same exam using a 400 speed film, your new technique should be 55 kVp @ ___ mAs if all other technical factors were the same.
|
2
|
|
|
A known technique of 55 kVp @ 4 mAs with a 200 RS detail cassette is used for hand radiography. What would the technique be if the cassette were a 400-speed high speed cassette?
|
2 mAs
|
|
|
All modern day mammography generators ______ frequency.
|
High
|
|
|
True or false. Films that are too dark could be because the fixer is not halting the developer process within the crystals.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. When checking for the alignment of the light field and the true area of exposure at 180 cm SID, the difference between the light field and area of exposure cannot be more than 3.6 cm on any side of the collimated field.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. Some mammography imaging units have their x-ray generators located in the housing with the x-ray tube.
|
True
|
|
|
If your films come out of the processor with a milky appearance, it is probably because:
|
The clearing agent in the fixer did not remove all of the unexposed crystals
|
|
|
When a alkaline substance has been oxidized, this means that:
|
It has given up electrons and become neutralized
|
|
|
True or false. When using a c-arm in the operating room, moving the image intensifier closer to the body part will magnify that body part.
|
False
|
|
|
True or false. Decreasing the SOD (therefore increasing the OID) will increase penumbra.
|
True
|
|
|
Which are the reducing agents in the developer?
|
phenidone and hydroquinone
|
|
|
Crossover effect is a distortion that occurs when:
|
The light from one intensifying screen affects the emulsion on the opposite side of the film.
|
|
|
True or false. Radiography on infants should be done with extremity cassettes since infants are so small.
|
False
|
|
|
Quantum mottle in radiography increases as film screen speed _________.
|
Increases
|
|
|
The part of the intensifying tube that converts x-rays into light photons is the:
|
input phosphor
|
|
|
A technique of 70 kVp and 48 mAs done with a 400 RS film/screen combo would produce about the same density as 70 kVp and ___ mAs on a 100 RS film/screen combo if all other factors were the same.
|
192 mAs
|
|
|
The Federal government enacted the Mammography Quality Standards Act that requires all Mammography sites to adhere to these standards. Which of the following hospitals are exempt from this law?
|
VA hospitals
|
|
|
When film is pre-exposed to the point that any further exposure will reverse the latent image process, this process is known as:
|
solarized
|
|
|
The back-up timer on a mammography unit with the grid in place must not exceed:
|
600 mAs
|
|
|
Which of the following acts mandates that any serious injury or death due to medical device be reported?
|
SMDA
|
|
|
The distance indicator on an x-ray tube must be accurate within _____ of the actual measured distance.
|
+ or - 10%
|
|
|
True or false. Direct exposure radiographic film has a thinner emulsion than conventional screen sensitive radiographic film.
|
False
|
|
|
A mammography machine with an SID of 64 cm, imaging a breast with a source to object distance of 40 cm, will have a magnification factor of:
|
1.6
|
|
|
In Mammography, penumbra is increased because of the increase in OID. One method of reducing the penumbra is:
|
use a small focal spot
|
|
|
True or false. Flux gain can be defined as the increase in light created by taking a large image and shrinking it in order to increase brightness.
|
False
|
|
|
True or false. The developer temperature can be off as much as 5 degrees C before showing any affects on film density.
|
False
|
|
|
True or false. The light produced by an intensifying screen during the exposure to radiation is mostly a result of the photoelectric effect.
|
True
|
|
|
In mammography, the term “bias focusing” refers to:
|
A single filament being used to produce two different focal spot sizes.
|
|
|
What is mammo film like?
|
It is single emulsion with an emulsion that is composed of very small halide crystals.
|
|
|
True or false. If the rollers are slowed in a film processor and the film is in the processor for an extended time, this will cause the films to come out light at the end of the developing process.
|
False
|
|
|
Magnification on a mammography machine is achieved by:
|
decreasing the SOD
|
|
|
If patients are complaining about the amount of time that they have to wait before getting their exam, this is a problem that concerns:
|
quality assurance
|
|
|
Testing an AEC system for reproduceability involves making exposures with a subject phantom and measuring the results with a:
|
densitometer
|
|
|
Kilovoltage accuracy must be within ____of the labeled setting.
|
+ or - 5%
|
|
|
True or false. It is allowable for the actual primary beam to be larger than the cassette in the Bucky tray when the PBL is activated as long as it doesn't overlap more than 2% of the SID used for that exposure.
|
False
|
|
|
The three readings monitored by doing sensitometry testing on an automatic processor are:
|
base fog, contrast, and speed
|
|
|
A pinhole camera is used to test:
|
focal spot size
|
|
|
True or false. If a 2 mm focal spot actually measures 2.5 mm, this is an acceptable variation in size.
|
True
|
|
|
Tube angle indicators must be accurate within _____:
|
+ or - 1%
|
|
|
True or false. If a distance indicator on the collimator of a tube reads 180 CM and the actual distance is 165 cm, this unit needs to removed from service and recalibrated.
|
False
|
|
|
Exposure reproduceability measurements are done by measuring sequential exposures made with the same mAs and measured with a dosimeter. The differences between these exposures cannot exceed ____.
|
+ or - 5%
|
|
|
Timer variance allowance is _____.
|
+ or - 5%
|
|
|
The only test that requires the physicist to open the generator to get an accurate measurement, is for the ____.
|
mA
|
|
|
The testing done to evaluate the added filtration of the beam is the ____:
|
half value layer
|
|
|
If you are using all three AEC detectors and the back-up mAs is more than adequte for that body part, the exposure will terminate:
|
When the average of the three detectors reaches the termination trigger point.
|
|
|
The amount of AEC detectors found in an input screen of an image intensifier is:
|
1
|
|
|
With digital imaging, increasing the density control when using the AEC system, will increase the exposure value index but the image will have the same visible density.
|
True
|
|
|
If a patient is grossly obese, it is necessary to increase the density control setting to insure proper penetration of the body part.
|
False
|
|
|
With conventional film/screen radiography, if you use the center detector of a wall bucky for doing a PA chest exam, the resultant image will probably be ________.
|
Overexposed
|
|
|
True or false. Scatter from the patient will have no affect upon when the AEC detector terminates the exposure.
|
False
|
|
|
Above 50 kVp, the back-up timer should terminate the exposure if:
|
600 mAs has been used and the detectors have not terminated the exposure.
|
|
|
Since mammography units use less than 50 kVp, the back-up timer will allow an exposure of up to 2000 mAs before terminating if the detector has not terminated the exposure.
|
False
|
|
|
If you are using the AEC system with the density control set at +3 and your exposure terminates before you get an adequately exposed image. Since your back-up mAs was more than adequate, the problem is most likely:
|
A thin or more radiolucent area of the body part is positioned over the receptor.
|
|
|
A fluoroscopic image can be digitized by a ________ and sent to a monitor for viewing.
|
Plumbicon camera
|
|
|
The modality that requires the greatest amount of resolution in a digital image is:
|
mammography
|
|
|
4.2 terabytes is equal to how many GB?
|
4200
|
|
|
True or false. Image noise found of the viewing monitor in a fluoroscopic room is probably coming from the scatter radiation created by the patient.
|
False
|
|
|
True or false. Window level is associated with density.
|
True
|
|
|
Convolution can be defined as:
|
Modifying a pixel to suppress or enhance a visual characteristic.
|
|
|
The digital standard adopted by the radiologic community for communication is:
|
DICOM
|
|
|
A pixel with a 16 bit gray scale is capable of displaying up to _____ shades of gray.
|
65,536
|
|
|
A camera/monitor system with a high signal to noise ratio indicates:
|
very little noise
|
|
|
Window width (contrast) is changed on an image through:
|
multiplication and division of pixel value
|
|
|
The color of light emitted by a CR imaging plate as it is being scanned be the helium neon laser is:
|
blue
|
|
|
The type of digital system that converts x-ray energy to light and the light is then converted to an electronic signal is refered to as:
|
indirect conversion
|
|
|
True or false. Digital images are better than conventional radiographic screen/film images because film is much more sensitive to scatter radiation.
|
False
|
|
|
The phosphor most commonly used for CR imaging plates is:
|
Barium fluorohalide bromides
|
|
|
Describe the production and processing of a latent image using CR.
|
The phosphor layer reacts to the x-ray photons by emitting light and creating 'holes' in the phoshor crystals. These holes are filled when trapped electrons are released by the helium neon laser. The release of these electrons then produces a blue light.
|
|
|
With the Kodak CR system, an exposure index value of 2500 reflects:
|
Overexposure to the patient
|
|
|
With the Kodak CR system, an exposure index value of 2500 reflects.
|
5 lines per mm
|
|
|
What is not an advantage of DR over CR?
|
mobility
|
|
|
With the Fuji CR system, an S number of 200 indicates that the imaging plate has received about ______ of exposure.
|
1 mR
|
|
|
True or false. With the Kodak CR system, the exposure index is inversely proportional to the actual exposure to the imaging plate.
|
False
|
|
|
True or false. Once a CR plate has been scanned by in the reader, it cannot be scanned again to obtain the same image since the latent image has been released and processed.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. It is recommended that you always use a grid with CR cassettes when the kVp settings are 80 or greater.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. The type of monitor that provides the best resolution for viewing digital images is a CRT monitor.
|
False
|
|
|
1000 GB is equal to how many TB?
|
1
|
|
|
Placing a temporary mask over a pixel to change its value is known as:
|
convolution
|
|
|
The conversion of data from numbers to a visual image is done using:
|
inverse Fourier transformation
|
|
|
Window width is associted with:
|
contrast
|
|
|
If grid frequency and CR scan frequency are similiar and oriented, a distortion may appear on the image. This distortion is known as ________.
|
Moire effect
|
|
|
The operational amplifier in a AEC system is necessary to:
|
Average the electronic signal when more than one detector is used during an exposure.
|
|
|
When using the AEC system, if your image appears too light and the entire back-up mAs/time was not used during the exposure, the problem is usually assoctiated with:
|
incorrect positioning over the AEC chamber
|
|
|
When using the AEC system for a smaller body part such as a shoulder or hip, which configuration of AEC detectors should be employed?
|
center detector only
|
|
|
True or false. The measurment of the base fog on film is not a part of the quailty control monitoring when doing a processor sensitometry test.
|
False
|
|
|
True or false. Failure to pass a JCAHO inspection because of improper equipment monitoring records can result in the shutdown of your department until minimum standards are met.
|
False
|
|
|
The labeled kVp setting on any x-ray unit must be within ____ of the actual measured kVp.
|
+ or - 5%
|
|
|
True or false. If there is a 30 mm difference between the collimated lightfield and the actual area of exposure when the tube is 100 cm from the image receptor, this is considered an acceptable variance.
|
False
|
|
|
Distance indicators on a stationary x-ray unit should be accurate within ____ of the actual measured distance.
|
+ or - 10%
|
|
|
The organization that specifies the allowable variances for focal spot sizes is:
|
Nationaal Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
|
|
|
When a focal spot grows to an unacceptable size, which action must be taken?
|
Tube must be replaced
|
|
|
The developer has a _________ charge.
|
Negative
|
|
|
The fixer has a ___________ charge.
|
Positive
|
|
|
Dupont introduced _________ in the 60's.
|
Polyester
|
|
|
What is the clearing agent used in the fixer?
|
Ammonium thiosulfate
|
|
|
____________ refers to the precise wavelength of light emitted and matches the sensitivity of the film.
|
Spectral emission
|
|
|
What is the consequence of incorrect film-screen matching?
|
Decreases latent image formation thus increasing patient dose
|
|
|
What is the formula for changing film speeds?
|
mAs1/mAs2= RS2/RS1
|
|
|
The SID used in mammo is:
|
60-76 cm (24-30 in)
|
|
|
The sensitivity speck has a ______ charge.
|
Neutral
|
|
|
What evaluations must be done daily?
|
Dark room fog test (also known as a safe light test)and
Processor sensitometry (to monitor speed, contrast and base fog) |
|
|
What are the three types of focal spot test tools?
|
line pair resolution tools
star test patterns pinhole cameras |
|
|
NEMA (national electrical manufacturers association) specifies focal spot requirements. What are they?
|
Smaller than .8 mm may be 50% larger than stated nominal size
Between .8 and 1.5 mm may be 40% larger and greater than 1.5 mm may be 30 % larger |
|
|
A __% SID error is allowed between the primary beam image and light field size.
|
2
|
|
|
On a Kodak CR system the exposure value of _________ reflects good exposure.
|
1800-2200
|
|
|
To determine how many shades of gray a 16 bit gray scale has, how would you calculate?
|
2 to the 16th power
|
|
|
What is the gray scale for diagnostic imaging?
|
16 bit
|
|
|
What is a voxel?
|
each pixel corresponding to a three dimensional volume
|
|
|
An 8 bit word is a ____.
|
Byte
|
|
|
A matrix is composed of _______.
|
Pixels
|
|
|
_____ consists of the operating systems and is rarely changed.
|
ROM
|
|
|
_______ consists of temporary storage for programming and operating and is changeable.
|
RAM
|
|
|
In radiography the matrix size is :
|
2500 x 2500
|
|
|
What type of frequency does a high contrast image have?
|
High frequency
|
|
|
What type of frequency does a low contrast image have?
|
Low frequency
|
|
|
The human eye can see ___ shades of gray.
|
32
|
|
|
Each pixel (Voxel) has a gray scale that can be up to ____ bits.
|
32
|
|
|
1 MB equals how many bytes?
|
1 million
|
