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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Internal respiration |
Oxidative phosphorylation (Did this already)
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External respiration
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Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and body tissues
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External Respiration (4)
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-Pulmonary ventilation
-Exchange between lungs and blood -Transportation in blood -Exchange between blood and body tissues |
Two types of exchanges
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Structures of the Conducting Zone (3)
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-Trachea
-Bronchi -Secondary bronchi +Right side—3 (to 3 lobes of right lung) +Left side—2 (to 2 lobes of left lung) |
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone (4)
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-Respiratory bronchioles
-Alveolar ducts -Alveoli -Alveolar sacs |
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Function of the Respiratory Zone (2)
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-Exchange of gases between air and blood
-Mechanism is by diffusion |
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Alveoli (3)
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-Alveoli = site of gas exchange
-300 million alveoli in the lungs (tennis court size) -Rich blood supply—capillaries form sheet over alveoli |
What is it?
How many? What does it have? |
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Alveoli (3) - Two types
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-Type I alveolar cells—make up wall of alveoli
+Single layer epithelial cells -Type II alveolar cells—secrete surfactant -Alveolar macrophages |
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Role of Pressure in Pulmonary Ventilation (2)
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-Air moves in and out of lungs by bulk flow
-Pressure gradient drives flow +Air moves from high to low pressure +Inspiration—pressure in lungs less than atmosphere +Expiration—pressure in lungs greater than atmosphere |
Inspiration
Expiration |
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Pulmonary Pressures (4)
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-Atmospheric pressure = Patm
-Intra-alveolar pressure = Palv +Pressure of air in alveoli -Intrapleural pressure = Pip +Pressure inside pleural sac -Transpulmonary pressure = Palv – Pip +Distending pressure across the lung wall |
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Atmospheric Pressure (4)
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-760 mm Hg at sea level
-Decreases as altitude increases -Increases under water -Other lung pressures given relative to atmospheric (set Patm = 0 mm Hg) |
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Pneumothorax
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the collapse of one or both lungs, caused by accumulation of gas or air in the pleural cavity, or resulting from injury or disease.
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Mechanics of Breathing (2)
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-Movement of air in and out of lungs due to pressure gradients
-Mechanics of breathing describes mechanisms for creating pressure gradients |
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Forces for Air Flow (2)
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-Boyle’s Law: pressure is inversely related to volume
-Thus, can change alveolar pressure by changing its volume |
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Muscles of Respiration (2)
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-Inspiratory muscles increase volume of thoracic cavity
+Diaphragm +External intercostals -Expiratory muscles decrease volume of thoracic cavity +Internal intercostals +Abdominal muscles |
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To Overcome Surface Tension (2)
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-Surfactant secreted from type II cells
+Surfactant = detergent that decreases surface tension -Surfactant increases lung compliance +Makes inspiration easier |
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Spirometry
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spirometer - an instrument that measures the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs (the amount of inhaled and exhaled air).
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Diffusion of Gases (2)
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-Partial pressures of gases
-Solubility of gases in liquids |
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Partial Pressure of Gases: Ideal Gas Law (3)
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Pressure of gas depends on temperature, number of gas molecules, and volume
PV = nRT P = nRT/V |
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Gas Mixtures (2)
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-Many gases are mixtures of different molecules
-Partial pressure of a gas = proportion of pressure of entire gas that is due to presence of the individual gas |
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Gas Mixtures (2)
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Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + … Pn
-Partial pressure of a gas depends on +Fractional concentration of the gas |
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Gas Composition of Air
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-Composition of air
+79% Nitrogen +21% Oxygen +Trace amounts carbon dioxide, helium, argon, etc. +Water can be a factor depending on humidity |
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Gas Composition of Air
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- Pair = 760 mm Hg = PN2 + PO2
+ PN2 = 0.79 x 760 mm Hg = 600 mm Hg + PO2 = 0.21 x 760 mm Hg = 160 mm Hg + Air is only 0.03% carbon dioxide = PCO2 = 0.0003 x 760 mm Hg = 0.23 mm Hg |
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Composition of Air at 100% Humidity
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Pair = 760 mm Hg = PN2 + PO2+ PH2O
PN2 = 0.741 x 760 mm Hg = 563 mm Hg PO2 = 0.196 x 760 mm Hg = 149 mm Hg PH2O = 0.062 x 760 mm Hg = 47 mm Hg PCO2 = 0.00027 x 760 mm Hg = 0.21 mm Hg |
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Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (2)
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-Gas exchange in the lungs
-Gas exchange in respiring tissue |
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Diffusion of Gases (3)
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-Gases diffuse down pressure gradients
+High pressure low pressure -In gas mixtures, gases diffuse down partial pressure gradients +High partial pressure low partial pressure -A particular gas diffuses down its own partial pressure gradient +Presence of other gases irrelevant |
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Rate of Diffusion in Lungs
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-Diffusion between alveoli and blood is rapid
+Small diffusion barrier +Large surface area |
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Gas Exchange in Respiring Tissue (5)
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-Gases diffuse down partial pressure gradients
-PO2 cells 40 mm Hg ; -PO2 systemic arteries =100 mmHg +Oxygen diffuses from blood to cells +PO2 systemic veins = 40 mm Hg -PCO2 cells 46 mm Hg ; -PCO2 systemic arteries = 40 mmHg +Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells to blood +PCO2 systemic veins = 46 mm Hg |
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Mixed Venous Blood
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-Actual amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is exchanged in any given vascular bed depends on metabolic activity of tissue
+Greater rate of metabolism Greater exchange |
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Matching Ventilation to Need (2)
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-Hypoventilation = ventilation does not meet demands
Arterial PO2 decreases Arterial PCO2 increases -Hyperventilation = ventilation exceeds demands Arterial PO2 increases Arterial PCO2 decreases |
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Transport of Gases in Blood (2)
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-transport in blood
-Carbon dioxide transport in blood |
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Oxygen Transport in Blood (3)
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1. Oxygen transport by hemoglobin
2. The hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve 3. Other factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin for O2 |
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Oxygen Transport in the Blood (3)
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-Oxygen not very soluble in plasma
-Thus only 3.0 mL/200 ml arterial blood oxygen dissolved in plasma (1.5%) -Other 197 mL arterial blood oxygen transported by hemoglobin |
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Oxygen Binding to Hemoglobin
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Hb + O2 <--> Hb*O2
Hb = deoxyhemoglobin Hb*O2 = oxyhemoglobin |
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Saturation of Hemoglobin (3)
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-Hemoglobin can bind up to four oxygen molecules
-Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin follows law of mass action +More oxygen -> more binds to hemoglobin -Saturation of hemoglobin is a measure of how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin +100% saturation -> all four binding sites on hemoglobin have oxygen bound to them |
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Effects of O2 Affinity Changes
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-Shift right
+Less loading of O2 +And less unloading -Shift left +More loading of O2 +And less unloading |
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Temperature Effects: O2 Saturation
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-Higher temperature
+Active tissues +Shift right +More O2 unloading in tissues +More O2 delivery to tissues |
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pH Effects: O2 Saturation
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-Bohr effect
+Lower pH increases O2 unloading -Active tissues +Produce more acid pH decreases in tissues +Decreased pH causes shift right in saturation curve +More O2 is unloaded to tissues |
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Effects of CO2 — Carbamino Effect (4)
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-Carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
Hb + CO2 <--> HbCO2 -HbCO2 has lower affinity for oxygen than Hb -Increased metabolic activity -> increases CO2 -oxygen unloading in active tissue |
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Carbon Monoxide (2)
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-Hemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for oxygen
-Prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin |
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C02 Transport
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-C02 transported in blood as dissolved C02 (5.8%), carbaminohemoglobin (7%), & bicarbonate ion, HC03-, (87%)
-Workbook 7% 23% 70% |
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Chloride Shift (4)
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-High C02 levels cause the reaction C02 + H2O H2C03 H+ + HC03- to shift right
+Results in high H+ & HC03- levels in RBCs =H+ is buffered by proteins =HC03- diffuses down concentration & charge gradient into blood causing RBC to become more + ++So Cl- moves into RBC (chloride shift) |
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Reverse Chloride Shift (3)
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-In lungs, C02 + H2O <--> H2C03 <--> H+ + HC03-, moves to left as C02 is breathed out
-Binding of 02 to Hb decreases its affinity for H+ +H+ combines with HC03- & more C02 is formed -Cl- diffuses down concentration & charge gradient out of RBC (reverse chloride shift) |
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Blood pH (3)
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-Normal blood pH = 7.4 (range 7.35 –7.45)
-Respiratory and renal systems regulate blood pH -Small changes in pH have large physiological effects +Alter protein activity |
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Blood pH (2)
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-Acidosis = blood pH < 7.35
+CNS depression -Alkalosis = blood pH > 7.45 +CNS over-excitation |
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Respiratory System in Acid–Base Balance (3)
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-Hemoglobin functions as a buffer
+Deoxyhemoglobin has greater affinity for H+ +Hb + H+ <- -> HbH -Bicarbonate ions as a buffer +HCO3- + H+ <- -> H2CO3 <- -> CO2 + H2O -Can regulate pH by regulating CO2 levels |
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Respiratory Acid-Base Disturbances (2)
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-Respiratory acidosis
+Caused by increased [CO2] -Respiratory alkalosis +Caused by decreased [CO2] |
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Disorders Caused by High Partial Pressures of Gases (3)
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-Total atmospheric pressure increases by an atmosphere for every 10m below sea level
-At depth, increased O2 & N2 can be dangerous to body -Breathing a high concentration of O2 +O2 toxicity can develop rapidly at >2 atmospheres |
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Disorders Caused by High Partial Pressures of Gases (3)
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-At sea level, nitrogen dissolves slowly in blood
-Under pressure accumulation is much faster +Nitrogen narcosis resembles alcohol intoxication -Amount of nitrogen dissolved in blood as diver ascends decreases +If ascent is too rapid, decompression sickness occurs as bubbles of nitrogen gas form in tissues & enter blood, blocking small blood vessels & producing “bends” |
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