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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Certain hormones made by the adrenal gland coordinate the body’s response to various kinds of ________ in order to ....
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- stress,
-protect the body during deviations from the optimal baseline. |
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Some adrenal hormones dampen the action of _________ thereby preventing ......
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- the immune system
- an excessive immune response, which might do more harm than good. |
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The adrenal gland is located ?
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on top of the kidney
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3 tissues of the Cortex from the outer most layer to the inner most layer
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- Zona Glomerulosa (top)
- Zona Fasciculata (middle) - Zona Reticularis (bottom) |
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tissue Layer under the cortex
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Medulla
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Hormones of the Zona Glomerulosa
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- Mineralocorticoid
(Aldosterone) |
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Hormones of the Zona Fasciculata
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- Glucocorticoid
(Cortisol) |
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Hormones of the Zona Reticularis
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- Androgen (Weak)
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - Androstenedione |
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Hormones of the Medulla
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Epinephrine
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Cholesterol is a precursor
for |
steroid synthesis
|
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Conversion of cholesterol to dehydrocholesterol in
the skin is required for |
- Vitamin D synthesis.
|
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Sources of Cholesterol
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- Cholesterol can be derived from the diet; it is transported to cells in
association with lipoproteins, e.g., LDL -Cholesterol can be synthesized from acetate. -Cholesterol is stored in the cell as Cholesterol ester, i.e., cholesterol + fatty acid (ACAT, synthesizes the cholesterol ester) -Cholesterol is the substrate for steroid synthesis. The cholesterol ester must be hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase (CE). |
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Cholesterol can be derived from ...?
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the diet; it is transported to cells in
association with lipoproteins, e.g., LDL |
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Cholesterol can be synthesized from ?
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acetate.
|
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Cholesterol is stored in the cell as?
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Cholesterol ester,
i.e., cholesterol + fatty acid (ACAT, synthesizes the cholesterol ester) |
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Cholesterol is the substrate
for? |
steroid synthesis.
The cholesterol ester must be hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase (CE). |
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The cholesterol ester must be hydrolyzed by ?
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cholesterol esterase (CE).
|
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What is LDL?
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Low density Lipoprotein
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What is CE?
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cholesterol esterase
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What is ACAT?
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acyl-cholesterol acyl transferase
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What is ACTH? Adrenocorticotropin hormone
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Adrenocorticotropin hormone
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ACTH stimulates cortisol synthesis by ?
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inducing cholesterol esterase (CE) to hydrolyze the cholesterol ester.
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After ACTH stimulates cortisol synthesis
to hydrolyze the cholesterol ester, Cholesterol moves to the ?? |
mitochondria to enter the pathway for steroid synthesis
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Increased Cortisol Synthesis Increases ?
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Blood Cortisol
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Cholesterol is converted to
pregnenolone by ? |
20,22-desmolase..
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After Cholesterol is converted to
pregnenolone by 20,22-desmolase, Cortisol is not stored in the cell but is ? |
- transported out of the cell into the circulation where it binds Transcortin
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Cortisol is not stored in the cell but transported out of the cell into the
circulation where it binds ? |
Transcortin
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Cholesterol is converted to
pregnenolone by 20,22-desmolase. Pregnenolone can be converted into ? |
aldosterone or androgens.
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Key Mitochondrial Enzymes for Cortisol Synthesis:
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- 20,22-Desmolase, required for steroid synthesis
- 17a-Hydroxylase, required for cortisol synthesis |
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7 steps of the Control of Glucocorticoid Synthesis
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1. Stimulatory and inhibitory
input from the environment, diet and other endocrine systems. 2. CRH (hypothalamic/PVN) stimulates ACTH secretion from pituitary corticotroph cells 3. ACTH stimulates glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis in the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex. 4. Cortisol (GC) is not stored in cells. A change in blood cortisol requires a change in hormone synthesis. 5.Cortisol have systemic effects on multiple body systems. 6. Feedback regulation by glucocorticoids (GC): a. at the PVN to inhibit CRH secretion b. at the corticotroph to inhibit secretion of ACTH. 7. Less ACTH stimulation of the adrenal cortex leads to less glucocorticoid synthesis & secretion. |
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What is Addison's disease?
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- Adrenal gland Disease
- Hypofunction, too little cortisol - Autoimmune disease - Fatal if not corrected |
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What is Cushing’s Disease?
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- Adrenal gland Disease
- Hyperfunction, too much glucocorticoid -Elevated ACTH -pituitary or ectopic tumor |
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What are Cushing’s like symptoms?
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- Prednisone (a glucocorticoid agonist) therapy; an immune suppressant and anti-inflammatory drug
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Chromaffin Cells are innervated by?
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- cholinergic preganglionic
fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Chromaffin Cells are located?
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In the adrenal medulla
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What is the rate limiting enzyme of Catacholamine Synthesis?
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- Tyrosine Hydroxylase
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In Feedback Regulation of Epinephrine Synthesis, too Much NE inhibits?
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Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity
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In regulation of Epinephrine Secretion, Depolarization
stimulates? |
Ca+2 influx and exocytosis
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What are the 8 Factors Stimulating Epinephrine Secretion?
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-Fight or Flight
-Exercise -Hypoglycemia -Hypothermia -Hypovolemia -Trama Pain Anxiety |