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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 glands of the stomach?
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cardiac glands, oxyntic glands, and pyloric glands
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what to cardiac glands secrete? where ar they?
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upper region of stomach, secrete mUCUS
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what do oxyntic glands secrete? where ar they?
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middle/ bulk of stomach - HCl and pepsinogen, intrinsic F and mucus
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what do pyloric glands secrete? where ar they?
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pyloric region , mucus and gastrin
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oxyntic glands 4 types of cells?
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chief, parietal, mucus neck,surface epith
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oxyntic glands 4 types of cells?chief, parietal, mucus neck,surface epith.
which secretes HCl? |
parietal
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oxyntic glands 4 types of cells?chief, parietal, mucus neck,surface epith.
which secretes intrinsic factor? |
parietal
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oxyntic glands 4 types of cells?chief, parietal, mucus neck,surface epith.
which secretes pepsinogen |
chief
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oxyntic glands 4 types of cells?chief, parietal, mucus neck,surface epith.
which secretes bicarbonate> |
surface epith
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what is the only vital gastric hormne? why
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intrinsic factor, needed for B12 absorption, which is needed for RBC formation
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what mechanism does the parietal cell use to secrete HCl?
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H+K+-ATPase
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How does PNS regulate HCl secretion?
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stimulates ACh, which stimulates BOTH G-cells (make gastrin) and Enterochromaffin like cels (ECL) which makes histamine
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What 3 things stimulate Parietal cells to make HCl? which is best?
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ACh, Gastrin and Histamine all bind, but histamine (via H2 receptor) is best suited which is why ECL's are also stimulated to make histamine
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what are the 3 phases of digestion? Which is repsonsible for the most secretion
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cephalic (BEFORE FOOD IN STOMACH) gastric(**70%**), intestinal
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How is HCl release inhibited?
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by high acidic content, or via status of Small intestine
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what are the 2 ways the Small intestine inhibits HCl?
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if fats in SI, CCK/GIP released to inhibit. if LOW pH in SI, secretin released
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Where do the majority of digestive enzymes and bicarb for the stomach come from?
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Pancreatic juice
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what effect does secretin have on the pancreas?
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it increases pancreatic juice, to get a higher bicarb concentraation, but doesn't stimulate any enzymes
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3 categories of dig enzymes of the PAncreas?
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proteases, alph amylase, lipases
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SI has 2 secretion cells: brunner''s glands and crypts of lieberkuhn. What doe the crypts secrete?
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Extracell fluid
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SI has 2 secretion cells. brunners glands and crypts of liberkuhn. what do the brunner's secrete?
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alkaline mucuc
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what doe sthe LI secrete?
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mucus and water/electrolytes
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what is "brush border"
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simple cuboidal or simple columnar epith covered with microvilli
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what type of enzymes does the brush border have
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carb-digesting
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Digestion of CARBS
(1) broken down into (2) via (3). (2) then broken down by (4) into (5) |
1 - starch
2 -- maltose 3 - amylase 4 - maltase 5 - glucose |
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lactose broken into (1) by (2)
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galactose and glucose by lactase
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sucrose broken into (1) by (2_
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sucrase into fructose and glucose
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what is the cellular process by which monosaccarides are absorbed?
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CARRIER PROTEINs
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what transports galactose/glucose for absorption?
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Na/Glucose co-transporter
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What transports Fructose?
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F- Fructose F - Five GLUT 5
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what carrier can transport fructose/galactose or glucose?
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GLUT 2
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What 2 places does digestion of protein occur? via what?
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Stomach - via pepsin, and Pancreas, via endopeptidases (tryp/chimotryp,elastinase) and exopeptidase (carboxypeptidase a and B)
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Why are all protein digestion enzymes secrteed as zymogens?
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to avoid auto-digestion of proteins
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How are proteins:
Absorbed? Transported into capillary? |
absorbed as di-tri peptides
transported as single AA's (99%) |
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Where does digestion of lipase begin? where else does it occur?
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mouth, also in stomach and SI
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what does the digestion of fats in each area of GI
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Mouth/stomach - lipase
Intestines - BILE and lipase |
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what is the first thing to be accomplished in fat digestion?
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emujlstification via LECITHIN
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after fats are emulsified, what happens?
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micelles are formed, to transport acrosss the aqueous unstirred layer
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after micelles of fat pass the unstirred layer, what's the next step of fat digestion?
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Become triglycerides again, and chylomicrons transport them into LACTEALS
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What doe sthe majority of digestion of fats?
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pancreatic lipase, which has CALIPASE to displace bile salts
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The pancreas has what to digest fats?
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panc. lipase, phospholipase A2, cholseterol lipase
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of the pancreatic lipases(panc. lipase, phospholipase A2, cholseterol lipase): which acts on micelles?
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phosph. a2
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of the pancreatic lipases(panc. lipase, phospholipase A2, cholseterol lipase): which acts very non-specific?
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cholesterol lipase
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How is blood brought to liver?
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poral vein (75%), and hepatic artery
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how is blood taken away from liver?
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hepatic vein
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How is blood removed from liver LOBULE?
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central vein
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how is blood taken into lobules from portal vein branches and arteriol blood?
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via hepatic sinusoids
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what type of metabolism does the liver take prat in?
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carb, lipid and protein
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What are the 3 main functions of liver in carb metabolism?
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1 - GLYCOGEN storage
2 - gluconeogenesis 3 - feeback by either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis |
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How is blood brought to liver?
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poral vein (75%), and hepatic artery
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3 major functions of liver in LIPID metabolism
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1 - oxidize FA for energy
2 - synthesis of cholsterol/phospolipid/lipoproteins 3 - fat synthesis from proteins and carbs |
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how is blood taken away from liver?
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hepatic vein
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3 major functions of liver in Protein metabolism?
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1 - deaminate AA's to make ammonia
2 - synhesis of Urea (to get rid of ammonia) 3 - syntheiss of plasma proteins |
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How is blood removed from liver LOBULE?
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central vein
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liver is for major storage of what 3 things?
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Iron, Fat sol vitamins (ABDK), Nutrients
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how is blood taken into lobules from portal vein branches and arteriol blood?
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via hepatic sinusoids
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what4 things are formed by liver?
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bile, urea, plasma lipoproteins/proteins/glucose, and Bilirubin
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what type of metabolism does the liver take prat in?
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carb, lipid and protein
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What are the 3 main functions of liver in carb metabolism?
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1 - GLYCOGEN storage
2 - gluconeogenesis 3 - feeback by either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis |
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3 major functions of liver in LIPID metabolism
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1 - oxidize FA for energy
2 - synthesis of cholsterol/phospolipid/lipoproteins 3 - fat synthesis from proteins and carbs |
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3 major functions of liver in Protein metabolism?
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1 - deaminate AA's to make ammonia
2 - synhesis of Urea (to get rid of ammonia) 3 - syntheiss of plasma proteins |
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liver is for major storage of what 3 things?
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Iron, Fat sol vitamins (ABDK), Nutrients
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what4 things are formed by liver?
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bile, urea, plasma lipoproteins/proteins/glucose, and Bilirubin
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How is blood brought to liver?
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poral vein (75%), and hepatic artery
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how is blood taken away from liver?
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hepatic vein
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How is blood removed from liver LOBULE?
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central vein
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how is blood taken into lobules from portal vein branches and arteriol blood?
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via hepatic sinusoids
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what type of metabolism does the liver take prat in?
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carb, lipid and protein
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What are the 3 main functions of liver in carb metabolism?
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1 - GLYCOGEN storage
2 - gluconeogenesis 3 - feeback by either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis |
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3 major functions of liver in LIPID metabolism
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1 - oxidize FA for energy
2 - synthesis of cholsterol/phospolipid/lipoproteins 3 - fat synthesis from proteins and carbs |
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3 major functions of liver in Protein metabolism?
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1 - deaminate AA's to make ammonia
2 - synhesis of Urea (to get rid of ammonia) 3 - syntheiss of plasma proteins |
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liver is for major storage of what 3 things?
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Iron, Fat sol vitamins (ABDK), Nutrients
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what4 things are formed by liver?
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bile, urea, plasma lipoproteins/proteins/glucose, and Bilirubin
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what is the role of cytochrome p450 in liver?
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adds OH or COOH to hydrophonbic compounds so that they become hydrophilic
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what are the 3 heme biproducts?
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bilirubin - yellow of bruise/jaundice
urobilin - yellow of urine stercobilin - brown of feces |
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What are the 2 causes of jaundice?
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obstruction or hemolyytici (over-lysing of RBCs)
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3 phases of digestion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. which has low volume, high enzyme (secretion from pancreas)
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Cephalic and gastric
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3 phases of digestion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. which hsa high volume, high enzyme (of pancreatic secretion)
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intestinal
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