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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 goals of congress
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Conflicting goals: Citizens have conflicting goals when it comes to the operation of their national legislature
Institutionalized Goals: The rules that determine how Congress works were designed by the founders to produce slow, careful lawmaking that can seem motionless to an impatient public |
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Lawmaking
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the creation of policy to address the problems and needs of the entire nation
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Representation of Congress
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the efforts by elected officials to look out for the interests of those who elect them
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Policy representation
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congressional work to advance the issues and ideological preferences of constituents
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Allocative Representation
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congressional work to secure projects, services, and funds for the represented district
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Casework Representation
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legislative work on behalf of individual constituents to solve their problems with government agencies and programs
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Symbolic Representation
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efforts of members of Congress to stand for American ideals or identify with common constituency values
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Congress passes bills
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President signs or vetoes
(President’s State of the Union address formulates policy) |
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President powers
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*appoints cabinet, ambassadors, judges to federal courts
*represents national constituency *controls Executive branch and executes laws |
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Reapportionment
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a reallocation of congressional seats among the states every ten years, following the census
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Redistricting
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process of redrawing district lines in states with more than one representative (carried out by state legislators or commission)
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Gerrymandering
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redistricting to benefit a particular group
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Racial Gerrymandering
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redistricting to enhance or reduce the chances that a racial or ethnic group will elect members to the legislature
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Strategic Politican
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office-seeker who bases the decision to run on a rational calculation that he or she will be successful
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Standing Committee
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permanent committees responsible for legislation in particular policy areas
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House Rules Committee
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determines how and when debate on a bill will take place
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Select Committee
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appointed to deal with an issue or problem not suited to a standing committee
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Joint Committee's
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combined House-Senate committee formed to coordinate activities and expedite legislation in a certain area
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Conference Committee
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*formed temporarily to reconcile differences in House and Senate versions of a bill
*may alter or rewrite legislation |
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Congressional Policymaking
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*Congress is a bi-cameral
*Congress has fragmentation *Congressional norms |
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Bill becomes a Law
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*Getting on the legislative agenda
President: State of the Union, exercises role as policy entrepreneur; highly publicized agenda *Legislative process Introduced and then moves through committees (most often dies here or is marked up) |
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Bill Getting to the floor
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*House has rules on debate from Rules Committee
*Senate can offer amendments or filibuster (stopped only by cloture) |
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Final Challenge for passing a bill
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*Roll call vote; if bill passes with different language, must go to conference committee
*Presidential veto *Congress can override veto with two-thirds vote in each chamber |
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Head of Gov v.s. Head of State
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*Head of government: the political role of the president as leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources
*Head of state: the apolitical, unifying role of the president as symbolic representative of the whole country |
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Presidential Qualifications
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*Chosen by Electoral College (modified by 12th Amendment)
*Limited to two 4-year terms in office (22nd Amendment) *Natural-born citizen; resident for 14 years *At least 35 years old *Vice president succeeds in event of death, disability, or resignation (20th and 25th Amendments) *Removal from office by House impeachment and Senate conviction for “high crimes and misdemeanors” |
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President power-CHIEF ADMIN
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head of federal agencies and responsible for the implementation of national policy; appoints cabinet members (heads of departments and agencies)
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President power-COMMANDER IN CHEIF
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top officer of the country’s military establishment and civilian head of American military forces
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President power-CHIEF FOREIGN POLICY MAKER
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negotiates treaties, makes executive agreements with other countries
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State of Union Address
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speech given by the president to a joint session of Congress and to the nation announcing the president’s agenda
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Presidential Veto
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*president’s authority to reject a bill passed by Congress
*may only be overridden by two-thirds majority in each house *veto threat often brings congressional compromise |
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Executive Orders
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*clarification of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of law
*Historically responsible for major policy shifts |
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Judicial Powers
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nominate judges to the federal courts and justices to Supreme Court
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Solicitor General
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Justice Dept. officer who argues government’s cases before Supreme Court
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Pardoning Power
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release or excuse person from legal penalties of a crime
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Inherent Powers
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implied but not stated explicitly in the Constitution
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Expectations Gap
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high public expectations but limited constitutional authority means presidents rely on informal powers
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Power to persuade
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a president’s ability to convince Congress, other political actors, and the public to cooperate with the administration’s agenda
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Presidential Cabinet
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*Members head the executive departments
*Cabinet members have own views; may not be loyal |
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Executive office of the President (EOP)
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*Designed to serve president’s interests and exert control over executive branch
*OMB, NSC, Council of Economic Advisors |
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White House Office
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*Close relationship to president
*Chief of staff: the person who oversees the operations of all White House staff and controls access to the president |
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Vice President
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fill this out still !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Presidential Character
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Expectation that knowing about presidential personalities will help explain or predict presidential behavior
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BARBER TYPOLOGY (for presidential character)
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*based on energy level and orientation toward life; provides four types of presidents
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Presidential Style
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image projected by the president that represents how he would like to be perceived at home and abroad
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Impeachment
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FILL THIS OUT
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