Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Catchment Areas aka market, trade, or tributary area |
geographic area from which the |
|
Residential Catchment Areas |
determined by local transit systems. |
|
Proctor Compaction Test |
Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates. |
|
Baseline |
parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west |
|
Standard Parallels |
parallels between the baselines in the US Survey |
|
Principal Meridian |
meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that |
|
Guide meridian |
meridians between the principal meridians |
|
Metes‐and‐bounds |
verbal description of land that begins at a known point and |
|
Contour interval |
change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps |
|
Crown/Ridge |
contours point “down” toward the lower elevation |
|
Swale/Valley |
contours point “up” towards the higher elevation |
|
Hills |
concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center |
|
Depression |
concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center |
|
Swamp |
wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow |
|
Swale |
an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is |
|
Detention Pond |
low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of |
|
Retention Pond |
designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the |
|
Riparian Rights |
system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, |
|
Sheet Flow |
water that flows across paved surfaces. |
|
Albedo |
how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black |
|
Conductivity |
the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, |
|
Macroclimate |
based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces |
|
Microclimate |
based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude |
|
One acre |
43,560 square feet |
|
Check |
area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships |
|
Township |
area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections |
|
Section |
1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres |
|
Quarter Section |
area 1/2 miles on each side |
|
flat area - good for all activities |
<4% slope
|
|
moderate |
4 - 10% slope |
|
steep - unusable |
10 - 50% slope |
|
very steep, subject to erosion |
+ 50% slope |
|
storm drains |
0.3% minimum slope |
|
sanitary sewers |
0.4 - 1.4% slope |
|
street surface drainage |
0.5% minimum slope |
|
planted or large pavers |
1% minimum slope |
|
lawns |
25% max slope |
|
planted banks |
50% max slope |
|
parking area/lot |
5% max slope |
|
automobile ramps |
8% max slope |
|
sidewalks |
10% max slope |
|
streets/paved driveways |
10% max slope |
|
Preliminary Survey |
basic for preparation of architectural drawings |
|
Construction Survey |
precise condition of site and adjacent structures, bench marks |
|
Possession Survey |
records completed development |
|
Geodetic |
precise, follows spherical shape of the earth |
|
Plane |
More common, assumes a flat plane of the earth. Includes: |
|
Field Measurements |
Taken by hand |
|
Laser Scanning |
remotely measure existing spaces (quick) |
|
Photogrammetry |
establish control points and hand survey to get base coordinate system (takes much longer than laser scanning) |
|
Eight basic categories of use |
Agricultural Institutional Commercial Natural Resources Open/Conservation Residential |
|
Gravel |
well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm) |
|
Sand |
well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm) |
|
Silt |
stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm) |
|
Clay |
must be removed, too stiff whe dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm) |
|
What do you do when there is water within 6’-0” of land surface? |
pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation) |
|
What do you do when there is rock at/near surface of site? |
Use explosives to reduce manual labor |
|
What do you do when the soil is soft clay, waterbearing sand or silt? |
construct deeper foundations or drive piles, remove poor soil |
|
What do you do when there are underground streams? |
avoid and be cautious of siting of structure |
|
Borings |
locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata (through unbearable soil and an additional 20') - Open warehouses: one in each corner and one in the middle - Large structures: 50’-0” spacing - Uniform conditions: 100 - 500’ spacing |
|
When doing surface investigations what might be some warning flags to look out for? |
High Water Table. Presence of trouble soils: Peat, soft clay, loose silt, or fine water bearing sands. Rock close to the surface (require blasting for excavations). Dumps or Fills. Evidence of slides or subsidence. |
|
Spread Footing |
Most economical...$ method. Delivers load directly to soil. Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity |
|
Mat Foundations |
Very expensive...$$$ method. Typically it’s only used when the strata is weak, and it acts as one continuous foundation. |
|
Belled Caissons |
holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. They’re basically really, really deep spread footings |
|
Socketed Caissons |
like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces. |
|
End Bearing Pile |
2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata |
|
Friction Pile |
Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil |
|
Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation |
• Allow for new additions/alterations to be different from the older structure, but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features • Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used • Takes precedence over state/local regulations • Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place. |
|
Building efficiency Equation |
Building Efficiency = Net Area/Gross Area |
|
FAR Ratio |
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Gross Area/Site Area |
|
Measuring Net Area |
Net Area = measured from inside walls |
|
Measuring Gross Area |
Gross Area = measured from exterior face of walls |
|
FF&E Services |
Furniture, Furnishings, & Equipment Services • Services are applicable to project of all sizes • The budget for FF&E is about 3-4x Interior design fees. • Specialized knowledge is required with respect to construction, fabric types, available lines, specification of furniture and fabrics, installation procedures, building codes, regulations in commercial projects. • Understand client’s budget, and evaluate needs and constraints, to determine starting point for programming. |
|
Tax Increment Financing |
Method cities use to issue bonds to pay for civic improvements (sewers/streets) with the intention that it will stimulate development in that area. During redevelopment, taxes are based on the pre-improved assessed value of the property. After redevelopment, taxes (and assessed value) increase due to the improvements. The difference in tax increment is used to repay the bonds. |
|
General Obligation Bonds |
Used to fund a civic project (library, police/fire station) and require voter approval. All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax. |
|
Developer Impact Fee |
used to fund infrastructure needed to support new developments. Paid by developers...who generally look to develop areas with lowest fee. |
|
Debt Service |
An additional, long term cost to the owner, to pay off the construction loan for a project. Typically not included in the original project cost. |
|
Ad Valorem Tax |
Tax based on the value of the property |
|
Amortization |
decreasing or accounting for an amount over a period of time. |
|
Precinctual |
dispersed activities likely with no center or core. and all directions, and is flexible efficient, and economical |
|
Suburban Shopping Centers |
• Convenient and easy to access by both automobile and public transportation. • Typically car-centric, and not pedestrian friendly • Street Mall = 800’ long (that’s 4 Portland city blocks long!!) with each store given about 20’-30’ of frontage and 120-140’ depth. • A mix of tenants, shopping, food, and services (dry cleaners, banks, etc) • Allow 2x parking per building size (1,000 sf building = 2,000 sf parking) |
|
Biophilia |
the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life. |
|
Organic feedstock |
something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, etc.) that mold can use as an energy source. Mold cannot eat inorganic materials like concrete, brick, or gypsum (but it loves the paper on drywall!) |
|
U-factor |
measure of heat transmission where a Low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a High U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window) |
|
R-value |
measure of thermal resistance in a component. (U-Value = 1/R-Value) and typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation. |
|
Thermal inertia |
ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night) |
|
Design in a hot & dry climate |
Hot & Dry: minimize sun exposure and effects of wind. Use small windows. Optimize thermal mass for large temperature swing during the day, and closely cluster buildings for the shade the offer each other. |
|
Design in a hot & humid climate |
Hot & Humid: minimize sun exposure, maximize natural ventilation. Use lightweight construction to minimize radiation of heat and space buildings far apart for breezes |
|
Design in a temperate climate |
Temperate: maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in the summer. Maximize breezes in the summer, minimize in the winter. Take advantage of daylighting opportunities |
|
Design in a cold climate |
Cold: orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds and use small windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss. Use south facing windows to maximize solar gains. |
|
EIR |
Environmental Impact Report |
|
What are two ways to meet a city's ponding requirements? |
1. decorative landcape pond 2. an area where rainwater can be retained and discharged into a storm drain. |
|
What are the public land survey units from large to small? |
check (576 square miles, 24 mile long sides) township (36 square miles, 5 mile long sides) section (1 square mile, 1 mile long sides) |
|
Arrange the following building types from high efficiency to low efficiency:
apartment, hospital, office, department store |
department store (not necessarily a mall but a single store) office apartment hospital
Think about it in terms of Building Efficiency = Net SQFT/Gross SQFT |
|
Graywater can not come into contact with these to plumbing fixtures... |
toilet kitchen sink |
|
pervious |
allowing water to penetrate/ pass through |
|
Rank these systems in their Ozone depletion potential (ODP) form highest to lowest:
CFC, HFC, HCFC |
CFC (high) HFCF HFC (low) |
|
ISO 14000 |
ISO 14000 is a family of standard that relates to environmental management. It evaluates the environmental performance of services and products. It includes Design for Environmental, Life Cycle Assessment, and Environmental Labels & Declaration |